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Breast cancer immunohistochemistry
HYŽÍKOVÁ, Sabina
In my bachelor thesis I deal with imunohistochemical examination of breast cancer. I performed the research at the Department of pathology at the hospital in Písek. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part In the theoretical part I deal with anatomical structure of the breast, clinical symptoms, diagnostics together with imaging methods. Next risk factors, including genetic and hormonal aspects of breast cancer. Prognosis and also by prevention of tumor development and subsequent treatment of this disease. I summarized the general classification of tumors representing staging and grading. I also described pathological structures of the breast as benign and malignant lesions. In the practical part I deal with the description of the immunohistochemical method, I focused on how the method works and especially how the whole histological process looks like. I worked with a total amount of 218 biopsy samples of breast tissue, which were subsequently stained with this method and I determined 5 markers (oestrogen and progesterone receptors, HER-2/Neu, Ki67 and E-cadherin), which were used in their diagnosis. Based on the negativity of ER, PR and HER-2/Neu, I evaluated fourteen triple-negative lesions. Hormone receptors showed numerous positive results more than negative ones, while HER-2/Neu expression showed only slightly higher positivity in hundred and twenty two cases compared to the remaining ninety six negative cases. The results of the practical part of my bachelor thesis was finding, that the most prevalent histologic subtype of breast cancer is the invasive ductal carcinoma, which was represented in one hundred and ninety two cases, another type was invasive lobular carcinoma represented in twenty two cases and six ductal carcinoma in situ. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to present a brief description of the issue of breast cancer and point out the representation of the most frequently diagnosed subtypes as well as to describe the execution of a method that is typical for detecting breast cancer-associated receptors.
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Development of individual swimming styles from the first modern Olympic Games to the present
Kulhánek, Jakub ; Svobodová, Irena (advisor) ; Hrabinec, Jiří (referee)
The aim is to map the development of techniques of swimming for the period from 1896 to the present. The work will also outline changes to the rules swimming. Key words swimming styles, breast, crawl, backstroke, dolphin swimmer, Olympic games, development, rules of swimming
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An overview of the performance of men and women in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle at the Olympics from 1924 to 2016
Michalcová, Naďa ; Jurák, Daniel (advisor) ; Miler, Tomáš (referee)
Name: An overview of the performance of men and women in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle at the Olympics from 1924 to 2016. Aim: The first aim of the diploma thesis is to create a historical overview of the course of swimming competitions at the modern Olympics from 1924 to 2016. The second aim is to process personal profiles of male anf female swimmers at the first places in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle from 1924 to 2016. And the third aim is to compile a performanceoverview of all male and female finalists in the discipline of the 100 m freestyle after two always following Olympics from 1924 to 2016. Methods: The historical method was used in the search for sources of historical data in the development of swimming and the processing of individual Olympic Games. It consisted of analyzing historical facts, examining sources and creating an overview of developments. Based on the search and processing of individual performances, graphs were prepared and then the results were compared. Outcome: From the analysis of performance, we found that in the period from 1924 to 2016, men improved by 19%, which represents 11.42 s, and women by 27%, which is 19.70 s. The results of the research show that the development of men's performance slowed down while women's performance is still improving....
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Measuring hearth rate of CP diagnosed individuals during swimming load
Šašek, Vít ; Prokešová, Eva (advisor) ; Hráský, Pavel (referee)
Title: Measuring max. hearth rate of CP individuals during swimming load Objectives: The major goal of this thesis is to measure heart rate of swimmers diagnosed with cerebral palsy during swimming load and to determine their CSS. Secondary goal of the thesis is to compare those values with intact population. Methods: In our thesis we tested HRMAX of 4 swimmers (3 men, 1 woman) with cerebral palsy (age 20 to 23 years) using the modified Critical Swimming Speed (CSS) protocol. A sample of probands was chosen out of swimmers participating in KONTAKT bB, swimming academy beyond borders programme. Testing went underway twice. CSS test consists of swimming two different distances with maximum effort. 25 and 100-meter distances (or modified shorter distances) were chosen for the purpose of measuring HRMAX. Sporttester was used for recording. We then compared obtained data with intact population by using substantive significance. Results: Tested values of the probands' HRMAX during CSS test were between 165 to 182 beats per minute. CSS reached 0,3 to 1,0 meters per second. In comparison with the sample of intact population, probands were able to reach the 8,9 % and 17 beats per minute lower level of HRMAX in average. Values of the CSS were averagely 78% lower than the CSS of the intact population sample....
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Development of individual swimming styles from the first modern Olympic Games to the present
Kulhánek, Jakub ; Svobodová, Irena (advisor) ; Hrabinec, Jiří (referee)
The aim is to map the development of techniques of swimming for the period from 1896 to the present. The work will also outline changes to the rules swimming. Key words swimming styles, breast, crawl, backstroke, dolphin swimmer, Olympic games, development, rules of swimming
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THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNIQUE OF SWIMMING STYLES IN CONNECTION WITH CHANGES IN THE RULES
Šatra, Michal ; Chrzanowská, Babeta (advisor) ; Čechovská, Irena (referee)
Bibliographic identification ŠATRA, Michal: The historical development of the technique of swimming styles in connection with changes in the rules [Diploma thesis]. Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Department of Swimming. Supervisor: Mgr. Babeta Chrzanowská. Prague: FTVS UK, 2012. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the development of the techniques of each individual swimming style on the basis of all available materials and to discover its connection with significant changes in the respective style's rules. The purpose of this thesis is to point out the most important changes in the rules of swimming within their historical context. A DVD which contains a practical demonstration of various swimming styles forms part of this work. Keywords Swimming, free style, breaststroke, backstroke, butterfly, swimming style, swimming technique, historical development, contemporary style, rules, historical photos, DVD.
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Possibilities of patients with breast cancer in relation to reconstructive plastic surgery
GALUŠKOVÁ, Soňa
Possibilities of Breast Cancer Patients in Connection with Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Oncological disease is one of the diseases basically no one is able to influence. It is not a disease anyone would want. It starts slowly, stealthily and is often overlooked. Yet, oncological disease always changes our whole past life, within family, workplace, and our leisure activities, both in physical and psychological terms. Any patient deals with this disease differently, also the approach to these patients has to be highly individualized. Every patient goes through all the phases of the disease at a different pace and with varying success and every patient copes with it in a different way and is then able to return to his or her old life. Oncological disease is one of the most serious diseases and I dare say that breast cancer is for women very traumatic, changing their position in all roles; intensity is usually placed on a woman?s psyche. Every woman needs an individual approach from a physician, non-physician and especially from her family. The disease does not affect only the patient, but also the whole family and her environment. This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of breast cancer patients in connection with plastic reconstructive surgery. Four objectives were set... The first objective was to determine the level of patient awareness of the possibilities of reconstructing the missing breast. The research showed that patients lack information and the majority of respondents received complete information from a mammologist, or a surgeon when dealing with the primary breast cancer diagnosis. The second objective was to find out whether patients are interested in co-decisions on the method of breast reconstruction. Based on the research, we concluded that yes, they are interested in deciding on the method, but it is important for them to have enough information and to know the doctor?s opinion. The third objective was to see whether patients have the opportunity to co-decide on the method of breast reconstruction. The results showed that patients have the possibility to decide on the choice of method, but in dependence on the possibilities, which are for each patient individual. It is not possible to use and select from all methods for each patient, it is necessary to approach each respondent individually and with complete knowledge of the course of her disease. The fourth objective was to define the most frequent patients? questions in connection with breast reconstruction. The results of interviews showed that the most frequently asked questions related to the length and number of hospitalizations and return to the social, professional and personal life. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts?theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part describes the historical development of reconstructing the missing breast, primary cancer disease and its classification. A greater part includes the possibilities of reconstructing the missing breast and specific nursing care for these patients. To process the empirical part of this thesis, qualitative research was chosen. The method of questioning, using semi-structured interviews with open questions, was selected. The research sample consisted of 11 patients at the Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital in Pilsen and 1 client of Mama Help Center in Pilsen. Three research questions were formulated. 1. What are the obstacles to the lack of information about breast reconstruction? The research shows that the patients outside the big specialized mammological centers have less access to specialized information and the research shows generally apparent absence of written information for patients on this topic.
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Impact of swimming on the motor system of professional swimmers
DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Tereza
My Bachelor Dissertation focused on the topic ``Impact of swimming on the motor system of professional swimmers{\crq}q is divided into two parts {--} theoretical part and research part. The theoretical part describes not only the history of swimming, development of swimming methods and impact of swimming on human organism, but also according to what parameters it is possible to identify future top swimmers, how to avoid damage to the motor system caused by swimming, why the joint motility is so important and how stretching can help in this context. The aim of this Bachelor Dissertation is to find out whether stretching has an impact on the motor system of professional swimmers. In the research part I tried to achieve this objective. The research was carried out in a qualitative manner with the help of such techniques as anamnesis, observation (kinesiology examination), on two swimmers who had physical difficulties. The therapy was held for seven weeks during which I focused not only on the stretching of shortened muscles but also on reinforcement of weakened muscles and drilling of movement stereotypes. The first patient had pains of the left shoulder joint and the other one had pains of the lumbar area of his back, of the right iliac joint and buttocks. Both the patients cooperated well and thanks to the therapy it was possible to improve stretching of shortened muscles, advanced head posture, asymmetry of the left and right parts of the body, breath wave, and muscle force increased. Physical difficulties of swimmers were mitigated, but much more time would be necessary for their complete removal. It implies from the results of the research that stretching has a positive influence on the motor system of professional swimmers but for achievement of better results it should be connected with the reinforcement of weakened muscles as well.
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