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Vlasatá, Veronika ; Musil, Petr (advisor)
Tématem této bakalářské práce a jejím hlavním cílem je tvorba výkladového slovníku, základní názvy a definice z oblasti eroze půdy a protierozní ochrany. Jako hlavní zdroj informací budou použity knižní zdroje a články z oblasti ochrany půdy a eroze. Přínos této práce bude sloužit k lepší orientaci a přehlednosti v daných termínech, pro lepší pochopení a porozumění daných výrazů ohledně půdy, její ochrany a eroze. Slovník bude řazen podle principu hnízdování. Abecední řazení v jednotlivých hnízdech se řídí slovy, kterými začínají daná slovní spojení. Dále zde nalezneme i jednotlivé řazení výrazů podle abecedy.
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An impact of organic farming on soil quality
Matěchová, Martina ; Jakšík, Ondřej (advisor) ; Janků, Jaroslava (referee)
This work focuses on the system of organic agriculture and its impact on soil quality. It compares organic farming system with conventional. Both these systems are briefly described. There is also a list of soil quality indicators used for the soil quality is evaluation. The results of scientific studies, which dealt with different farming systems and their effects on soil properties, were discussed and evaluated.
Quality and fertile soil is crucial for production systems, however to define what means quality soil is very difficult. Therefore the number of quality indicators were established. The indicators can be grouped by their nature of soil properties they assess, such as physical, chemical and biological. Different techniques are adopted for soil quality evaluation.
Soil quality is affected by a lot of different factors. Anthropogenic activities are often considered as one of the most influential factor. The loss of soil fertility as well as other physical, chemical or biological deterioration of soil properties is called soil degradation.
The results of this study shown that careful tillage in organic farming could have positive effect or no effect on the biological and physical properties of soils. For some experiments there was an increased amount of soil organisms.
In the most experiments, application of organic fertilizers caused increase of organic matter and other essential nutrients. We conclude that under certain conditions with respect for the principles of organic farming the soil quality can be preserved or even improved, but in a longer timeframe.
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Testing of bioeffectors on phosphorus mobility in soils
Holečková, Zlata ; Balík, Jiří (advisor)
Crave for increase in agricultural production over the past sixty years reflects in widespread use of mineral fertilizers. Due to the growth of the world population an increase of overall demand for feed and food is expected. Limited availability of cultivatable soil and increasing dependance on mineral fertilizers can be also anticipated. It is therefore important to find alternative strategies for plant nutrition. In 2012, the project of cooperation between several universities in Europe was revealed. This project examines the use of bioeffectors in crop production. Use of these substances should help to reduce the input of mineral fertilizers used in agriculture and improve land usage. Thesis will perform testing in real conditions of different geographic locations. The main objective is to develop new approaches to the use of so-called bioeffectors based on the mechanism of action of living microorganisms and active natural substances. Bioeffectors may be, depending on soil and climatic conditions, a key factor for overcoming limitations in the availability of nutrients. They can contain microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) and active natural compounds (digest from soil or compost, microbial residues, plant extracts, metabolites from biological processes, dried herb material or seaweed). These substances are developed for a wide variety of crops (e.g. corn, wheat and tomatoes). Their effectiveness consists in nutrients mobilization from less accessible forms in the soil. The thesis is mainly focused on the impact of bioeffectors on various forms of phosphorus in the soil. Phosphorus in the soil belongs to essential elements necessary for the growth and development of plants. Despite its necessity in plant metabolism is its content in the soil relatively low. A higher phosphorus content is in most samples of soil mainly in the surface area because an increased biological activity occurs there causing the accumulation of organic material. Some influence can be also observed in connection with application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Amount of phosphorus in soil may vary depending on parental rock type, texture and land management (the ratio of P supplied and type and method of land cultivation). Above mentioned influences even have an effect on relative amount of organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Three basic groups of phosphorus contained in the soil can be described: inorganic phosphorus compounds, organically bound phosphorus and exchangeable absorbed phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus bound in the fractions depends mainly on the time of fertilizer application, including the impact of earlier interventions. For these reasons, it is necessary to execute detailed analysis of the various forms of phosphorus in the soil after application of mineral fertilizers together with bioeffectors. In this dissertation variety of pot and field experiments will be set up, where samples from each variation of soil and plant will be separated and researched. Samples will be analyzed and amounts of phosphorus will be measured.
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Erosion control against water erosion on reclaimed areas
Tomanová, Irena ; Petrů, Jan (advisor) ; Kalibová, Jana (referee)
The Bachelor Thesis topic "Erosion control against water erosion on reclaimed areas" is literature review dealing with, as the name suggests, erosion control and reclaimed areas in the Most region. The first part outlines the problem of erosion, which is obviously not avoid even reclaimed areas. This thesis also shows the forms of used erosion control and describes the reclamation methods. Then it characterizes the ways of reclamation with the set up erosion control on individual plots of Most area. Bachelor thesis also introduces us the several variants of usage of the interest area according to an older study from 1991, which will be in the conclusion of this thesis compared to the currently available more recent literary sources.
Thesis will provide an overview of the erosion problems in the Most region, but also the idea of the direction in which is developed and still developing reclamation sphere this area.
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Comparison of methods for measuring the tension force of the tractor during soil tillage.
Buřič, Milan ; Novák, Petr (advisor) ; Hůla, Josef (referee)
The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with soil qualities which influence the soil processing. The soil processing itself is described in the theoretical part as well as advantages and disadvantages of the specific processing, a choice of technology for effective soil processing and economic aspects of the processing. In this part there is an extract describing a test of a tractor pulling and reasons for making the test of pulling in laboratory and field conditions. The practical part of the thesis deals compares two methods of a tractor pulling power during field tests. A belt tractor John Deere 8320 RT and a wheel tractor New Holland T7050 were tested. The target of a pulling test in ter-rain was to define which resistance makes a soil in specific conditions and which pulling power is needed for a certain working output on a given land. The results were pro-cessed and evaluated with computer technology. The whole measurement took place with support of a BEDNAR FMT company.
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Influence of bioeffector RhizoVital on the soil phosphorus availability and P uptake by maize
Beneš, Zdeněk ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Černý, Jindřich (referee)
Phosphorus is likely to become, in the near future, a critical element in plant nutrition. The main reasons are primarily limited resources of P for fertilizer production. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a long term solution. One option is to use P -containing waste, such as sewage sludge, digestate or ashes. Another option arises from the fact that approximately 90 % of P in soil is found in non-bioavailable forms. Therefore, mobilization of these forms could secure enough P for plat growth in the long term horizon. So-called bioeffectors are developed for this purpose; to promote the accessibility of nutrients for plants. It is evident, however, that the application of bioeffectors alone could lead to a gradual outflow of the most P from the soil. Therefore the most favourable appears application of bioeffectors in combination with various phosphatic fertilizers or wastes. Especially rock phosphates, ash and digestate contain significant amounts of non-bioavailable P-forms. That implies that the joint application of these fertilizers and bioeffectors should lead to more efficient utilization of P, and thus reduce the input of fertilizers into the soil.
The aim was to verify influence of a combination of 3 bioeffectors (effective microorganisms: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strains FZB42 and FZB45, and the combination of FZB42 strain with Paenibacillus mucilaginosus strain JX - 1) in combination with rock phosphate, sewage sludge, torrefied sewage sludge, separated digestate, straw and wood ash on increase of aboveground biomass of maize and on the content and uptake of phosphorus and other selected nutrients.
The evaluated alternatives of fertilization regardless of applied bioeffectors suggest that the greatest effect on the yield of above-ground biomass showed sewage sludge, wood ashes, and especially straw ashes. These fertilizers significantly increased the content and uptake of S as well. In other monitored parameters it was not possible to clearly identify the tendencies.
The application of bioeffectors alone or in combination with the above mentioned materials did not bring the positive effect on the monitored parameters. On the contrary, the combination of Paenibacillus strains FZB42 mucilaginosus showed in many cases significantly negative impact.
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Influence of bioeffector Trianum on the soil phosphorus availability and P uptake by maize
Vukliševič, Zdeněk ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
Phosphorus is likely to become, in the near future, a critical element in plant nutrition. The main reason is primarily limited resources of P for fertilizer production. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a long term solution. One option is to use P -containing waste, such as sewage sludge, digestate or ashes. Another option arises from the fact that approximately 90% of P in soil is found in non-bioavailable forms. Mobilization of these forms could secure enough P for plat growth in the long term horizon. So-called bioeffectors are developed for this purpose; to promote the accessibility of nutrients for plants. However, it is evident, that the application of bioeffectors alone could lead to a gradual outflow of P from soils. Therefore most favourable appears application of bioeffectors in combination with various phosphatic fertilizers or waste materials. Especially rock phosphates, ash and digestate contain significant amounts of less bioavailable P forms. The joint application of these fertilizers and bioeffectors should lead to more efficient utilization of P, and thus reduce the input of fertilizer into the soil.
The aim of this study was to verify influence of bioeffector Trianum (Trichoderma harzianum, strain OMG 08) to yield of above-ground biomass, plant height and consumption of P by maize plants from the low P soils. Our aim was also to verify mobilization of P from less available forms in different fertilizers through due to the bioeffector influence and impact assessment to consumption of other limiting nutrients (sulfur and zinc) by maize plants.
Along with the unfertilized control variant the bioeffectors were also applied in combination with following fertilizers: straw ash, wood ash, sewage sludge, torrefied sewage sludge, solid fraction of the digestate, minced phosphate). As an additional control bioeffector was selected a biological fertilizer OD containing microorganism Penicillium bilalii.
The evaluated results did not shown any significant influence of bioeffector to yield of above-ground biomass, plant height or phosphorus mobilization. Statistically significant effects were obtained only by combinations of fertilizers and bioeffector in the case of uptake and content of sulfur. Statistically significant differences were proved within studied variants of fertilization without regards to bioeffector applied.
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Phosphorus fertilizing of winter wheat in long-term field experiments including the sewage sludge treatment
Burgetová, Markéta ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Karel, Karel (referee)
The theoretical part of the work is to describe the importance of phosphorus in soils and plants, and individual fertilizing systems, which is phosphorus in the soil supplied. Currently phosphorus considered limiting element in plant nutrition and it is therefore necessary to monitor the content and add it into the soil as required. Phosphorus is applied to the soil in different sorts of fertilizers. It is possible to use organic and mineral fertilizers and waste materials, for example sludge from sewage treatment plants. Sewage sludge appears to be a rich source of organic substances and other nutrients including phosphorus. Thanks to the application of sewage sludge on agricultural land, when used properly, reflects in the improvement of soil properties.
The aim of this work is to compare different fertilizing treatments (sewage sludge, manure and mineral fertilizers) in terms of water-soluble, accessible and residual phosphorus in the soil and also in terms of the influence of the mentioned treatments on winter wheat yields. The experiment was conducted at Humpolec, Hněvčeves and Suchdol sites and the evaluation was realized between the years 1996 and 2015.
The contents of readily available phosphorus at all sites were fairly balanced and did not clearly indicate the best fertilization option. The highest values were, however, in most cases measured at the sewage sludge treatment.
Sewage sludge appeared to be good source of mobile phosphorus. The values were almost always higher in comparison to the other studied treatments. It was confirmed at all three sites. The increasing tendency in mobile soil P content was clearly visible during the experiments. Estimating of residual phosphorus was carried out in comparison with other factions only in the years 1996, 2005 and 2014. The highest levels of residual P after application of sewage sludge were achieved at Humpolec and Suchdol sites. At the station Hněvčeves, the highest content was estimated on the variant fertilized with mineral fertilizers.
Even though the sludge proved to be the best phosphorus resource in our experiments, the highest winter wheat yields were reached using mineral fertilizers. A variant fertilized with sludge appeared to be second best way, and thereafter followed farmyard manure treatment.
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Influence of bioeffectors application on phosphorus availability in substrate and on tomato yields
Beranová, Martina ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
In the past few years, the Czech Republic has been trying to increase the input of plant available phosphorus (P) due to the increasing its bioavailability in soil. From the point of view agriculture properties we can say that there is only little amount of readily available P in soil. Plants are unable to take up phosphorus sufficiently, which is mainly due to the fact it is part of various less soluble soil compounds. Therefore, there are new technologies aiming to make P more plant available. One of these technologies are so called Bioeffectors
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to increase the plant available phosphorus content in soil due to the bioeffectors application and therefore increasing tomato yield and quality.
The bioefectors used contained the following microorganisms: Trichoderma harzianum, strain T22, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain FZB42 (RhizoVital), Pseudomonas sp. (pProradix) and a combination of Trichoderma harzianum with Bacillus subtilis with Zn and Mn added (CombiFector). The plant height, above ground biomass yields, tomato fruit yields and the contents of selected macro and micronutrients in soil (bioavailable form) and tomatoes fruit (total form) were estimated.
From the results is clear that: a) in the majority of monitored parameters, significant differences between treatments were not observed; b) Trichoderma treatment, in comparison to the Proradix showed significantly higher Mg content in soil, but only at the significance level 0.05; c) the total content of sulfur in the tomato fruit at the Trichoderma treatment was significantly lower in comparison with the Proradix and Combifector variations, and that at a significance level of 0.01.
In conclusion, it is possible to state that the application of bioeffectors, in the majority of cases, did not lead to significant changes of studied parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new strategies that effectively increase the availability of phosphorus contained in soils and applied fertilizers. Therefore, it is possible to suggest further testing of bioeffectors in particular for further research in soils with varied characteristics and deeper microbiological analysis serving to understand the mechanisms of effectiveness and determine the viability of the products.
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Evaluation of actual sulphur supply in soil and forecast of its development in the Czech Republic
Vojtěch, Jaroslav ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis contains summary information about the importance of sulphur as an important macrobiogenic element in plant nutrition, as well as about sulphur cycle in soil, development of sulphur content in recent years and possibilities of sulphur supply to crops being grown.
Sulphur is an important macroelement in plant nutrition and it is part of important amino acids, vitamins and proteins. Sulphur content in crops predetermines the quantity and quality of harvested products.
Sulphur in our latitudes entered in soil particularly due to atmospheric depositions. With desulphurization of power plants, there has been a significant decline in sulphur entering soil in recent decades, from an approximate figure of 120 kg of pure sulphur per hectare in 1990 to mere 6 8 kg of sulphur per hectare in 2013. Due to small intake of sulphur in soil, plants that draw off large amounts of sulphur and due to the fact that sulphur is swiftly washed off from the topsoil to deeper soil layers where it is inaccessible to the crops, there is often lack of sulphur in the nourishment of crops being grown, which regards both sulphur demanding crops, such as oil crops, and crops such as cereals where lack of sulphur has not manifested itself as much so far.
Soil contains sulphur in an inorganic and organic form. Inorganic sulphur in agricultural land is represented to a lesser extent than organic sulphur, but it is the main source of plant available sulphur and it is a highlydynamic soil component. In soil, it is usually contained in the form of sulphates. Intake of sulphates and their concentration in the soil solution impacts pH, amount of Fe and Al oxides and behaviour of soil colloids. We can influence the content of inorganic sulphur by supplying mineral fertilizers, but we cannot increase the overall long-term supply of sulphur in soil in this way. Long-term and main supply of sulphur in soil is represented by organic sulphur bound in sulphur amino acids, sulfolipids, sulphonic acids and sulphated polysaccharides. We can influence this component of the overall sulphur content by organic fertilization, green manuring, afterharvest residues and sewage sludge application.
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