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Redukce metanu u přežvýkavců pomocí výživy
Pávišová, Aneta
The bachelor thesis "Methane reduction in ruminants by means of nutrition", provides a comprehensive overview of the ways in which methane production in ruminants can be reduced within the limits of possibility. The thesis discusses the addition of feed additives to the ration, the manipulation of feed components in the ration and the influence of feeding techniques. Finally, it describes alternative methods of methane reduction, such as the use of vaccines in ruminant breeding or the use of genetic selection. Livestock are responsible for up to 18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and this figure is estimated to increase further. At the same time, the formation of methane in the rumen results in a loss of energy from feed of up to 12 %. The use of feed additives in the ration rather than ration modification alone appears to be effective. The type of animal, housing management and individuality of the animals are very important. It is important to design and research both new and existing measures in order to establish clear feeding practices and reduce the economic losses of the farm.
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Analýza výživy a krmení vybraných druhů zvířat v ZOO Brno
Mertová, Magdalena
The thesis is concerned with the issue of nutrition and feeding of animals kept in zoos. Specifically, it focuses on two groups of ungulates kept in Brno Zoo, namely equids (Przewalski's horse, eastern kiang, Chapman's zebra) and ruminants (European elk, Indian takin, Himalayan tahr, reticulated giraffe). The main objective of the work was to verify the suitability of the diets used for the selected animal species in terms of feed used and nutrient composition, using available software. The professional animal nutrition software of AgroKonzulta Žamberk spol. s r.o. and a modified feed database used in the Liberec Zoo were used. Feeding standards were created for individual animal species based on the nutrient requirement standards for livestock. The results of the work show that the available programs are not ideal for the analysis of feed rations of animals kept in the zoo. To improve the analysis, it would be necessary to know the exact nutrient composition of the feed used. The results of the analysis of the diets show that most of them contain too much dry matter and other nutrients (especially crude protein). An exception is the elk ration, which would need to increase the dry matter content while reducing the crude protein content.
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Faktory ovlivňující excystaci žaludečních kryptosporidií přežvýkavců
DUDÁKOVÁ, Hana
In this study, we investigated the effects of temperature and pH on the excystation of gastric Cryptosporidium of mammals. Oocysts of Cryptosporiidum andersoni, obtained from a naturally infected cow, were used in this study. Oocyst viability was de termined by propidium iodide staining (PI). The first factor studied was temperature. Oocysts stored in dH2O were incubated in water bath preheated to temperatures between 32 and 44 °C for 5, 15, and 30 min. With increasing temperature and time, we observed a higher percentage of excysted oocysts. Most oocysts excysted at 40 °C and heating for 30 minutes. In addition, excystation of oocysts was also examined in solutions with different pH values (in a range of 29) heated in a water bath at 40 °C. The optimal pH for excysting is between 6 and 7; however, even at lower values, enough oocysts excyst to cause infection.
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Diagnosis of infections caused by members of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea
Pokrupová, Zuzana ; Pankrác, Jan (advisor) ; Račka, Karol (referee)
Trematodes of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea are significant pathogens of various species of vertebrates including livestock. They also cause significant economic losses. Adults are located in the forestomaches, eventually in the bile ducts or in the large intestine of the host. Severe pathological changes and sometimes even death of the host are caused by juvenile stages during their migration in small intestine. The diagnosis of paramphistomosis is done mainly by coprological methods (McMaster method, mini-FLOTAC, sedimentation methods) which detect the presence of eggs in the faeces of definitive host. However, these methods cannot be used during the prepatent period. Therefore it is important to develop immunological methods that enable detection of the infection in the early phase. It is also important to develope methods for molecular identification of paramphistomes to facilitate epidemiological studies and evaluate the economic importance of individual species of Paramphistomoidea. Presented thesis summarizes current methods and development of new strategies in diagnostics of paramphistomosis and molecular identification of paramphistomes.
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Trichuris nematodes in wild ruminants
Páclík, David ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
The parasite Trichuris species is widespread in wild ruminants in the country. In ruminants there are several species of parasite. In ruminants were species Trichuris discolor, Trichuris capreoli, Trichuris globulosa, Trichuris ovis, Trichuris skrjabini. Parasites of the genus can infect wild ruminants and economically ruminants. These are endoparasites which parasitizes in the gut. The body of the parasite Trichuris is divided into two parts. The thinner end of the head portion is inserted into the intestinal epithelial where obtains nutrients. Fat tail end is free in the intestine. The body is inarticulate. For this parasite is pronounced sexual dimorphism. Males have sexual spicules at the caudal end of the body. Females have a vulva, usually located at the transition from the thin head part to a stronger tail part of the body. Development cycle is no intermediate host. Animals become infected by ingestion of food containing egg with infective larvae. Development takes place through five larval stages. The generic name Trichuris is basically flawed and inaccurate, since it is based on the idea that the wire-thin body is part of the tail and thicker body part is the head (thrix = hair, ura = tail). Correct it later formed generic names Trichocephalus (Kefalo = head), which is also used in the literature as another name parasitic species Trichuris. However, it is still considered correct generic name Trichuris and disease caused by this parasite is therefore called trichuriosa.
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Trichurids in ruminants from Czech Republic.
Antošová, Tereza ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Ivana, Ivana (referee)
The goal of this paper was to determine rate of presence of whipworms of genus
Trichuris in bodies of selected ruminants (sheep, roe deer) in certain areas and to morphologically state different species of whipworms using molecular revision and professional literature on samples found during helmitological dissections of selected ruminants. Two hypotheses were stated: H1: species that are found in highest volume in case of roe deer and sheep are whipworms Trichuris discolor and Trichuris ovis H2: these whipworms can not be positively distinguished when using morphometrical methods.
Material needed for the study, i.e. the intestines of examined ruminants, was recovered in different areas of Czech Republic. Later were the intestines dissected in a laboratory using standardized procedure and hereby collected samples were analysed.
Based on selected methods it was determined that in roe deer the rate of occurence of Trichuris discolor is much higher compared to that of Trichuris ovis. With sheep the difference between rates of presence is smaller. These results confirm the first hypothesis by showing high rate of presence of whipworms in these hosts. Collected females of genus Trichurids were morphometrically differentiated by their sex and in 4 morphotypes. Following this differentiation, the most present were the females of morphotype M2, those with a vulval opening without an everted vagina. The second hypothesis was also confirmed.
Multihosting species Trichuris discolor and Trichuris ovis are prevalent in the bodies of roe deer and sheep. Thus we can say the roe deer are a potential source of whipworm contamination to sheep breeding. It can not be excluded that sheep are infected by roe deer and vice versa. Molecular determination is a necessary tool for correct assessment of whipworm species, considering the fact that morphological methods may lead to incorrect results.
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Prenatal stress in the farm animals
Tylová, Barbora ; Chaloupková, Helena (advisor) ; Hradec, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis presents summary information about prenatal stress in farm animals, more precisely in ruminants. The thesis is based on scientific papers and literature. Prenatal stress is divided according to stressors that can affect animals in agriculture like transport, manipulation, diet restriction, isolation, social instability and heat stress. The work describes principles of how the stress is transmitted from mother to the fetus, how the stress affects them and to what extent. Scientific articles confirmed the effect of prenatal stress on placental development (Baxter et al., 2016 ; McCrabb and Bortolussi, 1997) birth weight (Roussel et al., 2004; Duuvaux Ponter et al., 2003) nervous system (Weinstock, 2001; Baxter et al. 2016) and the offspring behavior (Roussel Huchette et al., 2008; Laporte Broux et al., 2012; Coulon et al., 2011). As pregnant females were in most of the cases exposed to a mild stress (compared to previous experiments on laboratory animals) the effect on offspring had a little impact on the body that proved to be beneficial. Some studies showed that abnormalities that were measured after birth were not proven at later age.
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Characteristics of crude protein fractions in ruminant nutrition
KOUKOLOVÁ, Marie
Physiology of nutrition and feeding of farm animals is an essential factor influencing production efficiency and its quality. For these factors is important to provide optimal supply of nutrients by suitable feeds. Felicitous feed ration raise the economic realization of genetic potential of animals. Therefore we have to know the nutritional requirements of animals, including microorganisms, whose function in the diet of cattle is irreplaceable. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value of forage and lupine feeds (n = 8) by laboratory methods. Samples were analyzed for individual feed nutrients (crude protein (CP), fat, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL)), gross energy and nitrogen fractions, and the results were statistically processed. Determination of individual nitrogen fractions was according to methods of Licitra et al. (1996). For this purpose were used following laboratory methods: (1) determination of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (2), determination of soluble nitrogen and protein, (3) determination of nitrogen insoluble in acid detergent (ADIP), (4) determination of nitrogen insoluble in neutral detergent (NDIP). From these were obtained the results of NPN, IP (insoluble protein), SOLP (soluble protein), ADIP (nitrogen insoluble in acid detergent) and NDIP (insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergent). Averaged values (g.kg-1 of dry matter) of were 144.3 for NPN, 97.5 for IP, 78.7 for SOLP, 30.4 for ADIP and 80.3 for NDIP. Nitrogen fractions, i.e. fraction A (nonprotein nitrogen), fraction B1 (rapidly degraded protein), fraction B2 (intermediately degraded protein), fraction B3 (slowly degraded protein) and fraction C (bound protein) were calculated by equations of Ghoorchi and Arbabi (2010). The range of values was from 2.5 to 51.2 % of CP for fraction A, from 13.4 to 20.7 % of CP for fraction B1, from 0 to 19.9 % of CP for fraction B2, from 5.5 to 51.9 % of CP for fraction B3 and from 10.1 to 32.4 % of CP for fraction C.
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