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Hyaluronan effect on transdermal penetration of selected pharmaceutical substances
Ureš, Tomáš ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
This work deals with the transmittance of a family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs across biological membranes in combination with the use of hyaluronan. Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HYA) is a linear polysaccharide formed from disacharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. HYA is present in almost all biological fluids and tissues, so there is an assumption that could affect the penetration of substances through the skin. Standards were prepared by anti-inflammatory drugs in admixture with various concentrations hyaluronan and subsequently measured transmittance of such substances through the skin. Standards were applied to the skin obtained from pig auricle. The drug content was determined by HPLC.
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Use of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for Determination of Selected Analgetics in Water
Čapka, Lukáš ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
From viewpoint of environmental analysis in the whole world became popular in the latest years the question of drugs’ breakthrough to the component of environment. These contami-nants belong to the biological active compounds, with different physical-chemical and biolog-ical properties and evince great tendency to bioaccumulation. They penetrate to the environ-ment because of their increasing of usage and wrong techniques of liquidation. The most often use drugs are preparations against pain – analgetics, and from this category there are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The frequent usage of this compounds relate to their easy accessibility. From this large group of compounds was chosen for monitoring: diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, salicylic acid, naproxen and acetaminophen; because they include in favorite preparations. The monitoring matrix was the wastewater from two waste water treat-ment plants (WWTP). The sampling was performed in inflow and outflow because the com-paring of concentration of selected contaminants and discovering of efficiency of removing the polutants reliance on treatment technology. For extraction of selected contaminants was used solid phase extraction (SPE) and for determination was used capillary zone electrophore-sis (CZE) with diode array detection (DAD). There was identified and quantified all of se-lected analgetics in inflow and so in outflow of WWTP. That means, this polutants infuse into surface water and then into other components of environment.
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Chiral analysis of drug residuals in waste waters
Svobodová, Dagmar ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
The theoretical part shortly describes chirality with focus on chiral pharmaceuticals. The processes of their absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination in human body are discussed. These points are very important to understand possible fate of chiral drugs in the environment as there is only little data concerning their environmental behaviour. The occurrence and enantioselective toxicity of chiral drugs is also discussed here. One of the chapters describes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as they are analyzed in the wastewater in the experimental part, and their occurrence in the environment. The experimental part describes optimization of the enantioselective HPLC method using Chiralpak AD as column for ibuprofen and ketoprofen. Reproducible separation of enantiomers wasn’t achieved for naproxen. Optimized methods were then applied for analysis of samples from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice.
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Assessment of drugs in settlings with waste water treatment
Hájek, Radek ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on asessment of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant sludge. Two macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin and clarithromycin) and three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) were assessed. Sample of sludge was taken in municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice. Analytes were obtained using pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) or ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE). Clean-up was performed by solid phase extraction (SPE). Ultra high performance liquid chromatography followed by UV-VIS diode array detection was used for quantitative determination of the analytes.
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Application of Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection for the Assessment of Drug-residue Contamination of Wastewaters and Surface Waters
Lacina, Petr ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Sokol,, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the current issue of increasing concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in various components of the environment. These new environmental contaminants continuously enter the environment. The most affected environmental component is the aquatic environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization of reliable analytical method, which can determine selected drugs in the aquatic environment (waste waters and surface waters) qualitatively and quantitatively. The target compounds were selected mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen and diclofenac. NSAIDs are one of the most used drugs in Czech Republic. For the final analysis of this study was used the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection Time-of-Flight (GCxGC-TOF MS). It is a very sensitive and reliable analytical method for trace and ultra-trace analysis. Simultaneously, solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization are optimized in this work. Optimized analytical method including SPE, derivatization with MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide) and final analysis by GCxGC-TOF MS were applied successfully for the analysis of real samples. Samples of waste water were collected from the waste water treatment plant in Brno – Modřice and samples of surface water were collected from two river streams Svratka and Svitava in Moravian region. The range of concentrations of selected drug residues varied from one to tens of g/L in wastewater and from tens to hundreds of ng/L in surface waters. The degree of wastewater and surface waters contamination by drug residues is assessed in conclusions of the work. Simultaneously, spontaneous degradation of selected drugs in water and removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant is assessed in conclusions of the work. The developed method is usable for monitoring and environmental analysis of water ecosystems. It is usable not only for selected drugs, but even for other organic compounds with similar properties.
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Pharmacotherapy of headaches in adults
Holinská, Eliška ; Hrdina, Radomír (advisor) ; Tilšer, Ivan (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Eliška Holinská Supervisor: Prof. MUDr. Radomír Hrdina, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Pharmacoteraphy of headache in adults Headache is one of the most common health problem that encounters almost everyone during the life. Depending on the cause, headaches can be divided on the primary headaches, which are the subject of the diploma thesis, and secondary headaches, which are caused by other diseases. The primary headaches are migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and primary chronic daily headache. Headache is not a life-threating condition but it can significantly reduce the quality of life, particularly the chronic forms of headache. The determination of the right diagnosis is essential for the choice of appropriate therapy. For primary headache are typical negative test results, there are no structural lesions or signs of organic brain damage. Diagnostics is comlicated and it is primarily based on a carefully processed medical history. In the therapy of primary headache are used both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods, optimaly in combination. Pharmacological treatment consists of preventive and acute therapy. The preventive treatment is given to reduce the...
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Application of Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection for the Assessment of Drug-residue Contamination of Wastewaters and Surface Waters
Lacina, Petr ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Sokol,, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the current issue of increasing concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in various components of the environment. These new environmental contaminants continuously enter the environment. The most affected environmental component is the aquatic environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization of reliable analytical method, which can determine selected drugs in the aquatic environment (waste waters and surface waters) qualitatively and quantitatively. The target compounds were selected mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen and diclofenac. NSAIDs are one of the most used drugs in Czech Republic. For the final analysis of this study was used the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection Time-of-Flight (GCxGC-TOF MS). It is a very sensitive and reliable analytical method for trace and ultra-trace analysis. Simultaneously, solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization are optimized in this work. Optimized analytical method including SPE, derivatization with MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide) and final analysis by GCxGC-TOF MS were applied successfully for the analysis of real samples. Samples of waste water were collected from the waste water treatment plant in Brno – Modřice and samples of surface water were collected from two river streams Svratka and Svitava in Moravian region. The range of concentrations of selected drug residues varied from one to tens of g/L in wastewater and from tens to hundreds of ng/L in surface waters. The degree of wastewater and surface waters contamination by drug residues is assessed in conclusions of the work. Simultaneously, spontaneous degradation of selected drugs in water and removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant is assessed in conclusions of the work. The developed method is usable for monitoring and environmental analysis of water ecosystems. It is usable not only for selected drugs, but even for other organic compounds with similar properties.
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Use of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for Determination of Selected Analgetics in Water
Čapka, Lukáš ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
From viewpoint of environmental analysis in the whole world became popular in the latest years the question of drugs’ breakthrough to the component of environment. These contami-nants belong to the biological active compounds, with different physical-chemical and biolog-ical properties and evince great tendency to bioaccumulation. They penetrate to the environ-ment because of their increasing of usage and wrong techniques of liquidation. The most often use drugs are preparations against pain – analgetics, and from this category there are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The frequent usage of this compounds relate to their easy accessibility. From this large group of compounds was chosen for monitoring: diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, salicylic acid, naproxen and acetaminophen; because they include in favorite preparations. The monitoring matrix was the wastewater from two waste water treat-ment plants (WWTP). The sampling was performed in inflow and outflow because the com-paring of concentration of selected contaminants and discovering of efficiency of removing the polutants reliance on treatment technology. For extraction of selected contaminants was used solid phase extraction (SPE) and for determination was used capillary zone electrophore-sis (CZE) with diode array detection (DAD). There was identified and quantified all of se-lected analgetics in inflow and so in outflow of WWTP. That means, this polutants infuse into surface water and then into other components of environment.
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Hyaluronan effect on transdermal penetration of selected pharmaceutical substances
Ureš, Tomáš ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
This work deals with the transmittance of a family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs across biological membranes in combination with the use of hyaluronan. Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HYA) is a linear polysaccharide formed from disacharide units containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. HYA is present in almost all biological fluids and tissues, so there is an assumption that could affect the penetration of substances through the skin. Standards were prepared by anti-inflammatory drugs in admixture with various concentrations hyaluronan and subsequently measured transmittance of such substances through the skin. Standards were applied to the skin obtained from pig auricle. The drug content was determined by HPLC.
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Chiral analysis of drug residuals in waste waters
Svobodová, Dagmar ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
The theoretical part shortly describes chirality with focus on chiral pharmaceuticals. The processes of their absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination in human body are discussed. These points are very important to understand possible fate of chiral drugs in the environment as there is only little data concerning their environmental behaviour. The occurrence and enantioselective toxicity of chiral drugs is also discussed here. One of the chapters describes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as they are analyzed in the wastewater in the experimental part, and their occurrence in the environment. The experimental part describes optimization of the enantioselective HPLC method using Chiralpak AD as column for ibuprofen and ketoprofen. Reproducible separation of enantiomers wasn’t achieved for naproxen. Optimized methods were then applied for analysis of samples from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice.
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