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Studium aminů a antioxidačních procesů u malignit =: Study of amines and antioxidant processes in malignancies /
Lacková, Zuzana
In the present dissertation thesis called "Study of amines and antioxidant processes in malignancies", various antioxidant effects of amines, amino acids, phenolic and flavonoid compounds on tumor cell lines and their significance for understanding the mechanisms of cell defense against cancer were studied. In vitro, the anticarcinogenic effect of spices based on the content of its phenolic and flavonoid compounds on prostate cells was investigated. Furthermore, sarcosine was studied in detail as a marker of prostate cancer diseases for which methylation changes and various types of identification in real samples have been evaluated. Last but not least, monitoring of the level of reduced glutathione in capillary blood was performed on volunteers and antioxidant effects were observed.
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Interaction of gold cationic nanoparticles with blood cells and their distribution in the model organism
ŠRÁMEK, Michal
Cationic gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are attractive candidates for drug delivery, biomedical imaging and targeted anti-cancer therapy. Due to their unique physical-chemical properties, they have great potential, especially for so-called targeted photothermal cancer therapy. Nanoparticle properties such as size, shape and surface charge play a key role in the internalization process and different types of NPs can enter cells by various pathways. It has been reported, that specific cationic gold nanorods (GNRs) preparations are taken up by both normal and cancer cells in large amounts. The nanoparticles were shown to accumulate inside vesicular structures. Prior to the start with an application of cationic GNRs in biomedicine for different kind of purposes (such as photothermal therapy, targeted drug/gene delivery carriers, fluorescence probes, pregnancy test etc.), it is necessary at first to determine their biological safety and organism's response in general. In our laboratory, we are focused mainly on the application of GNRs in photothermal therapy. That consists of cationic GNRs accumulated in tumour tissue, where they transform light into heat upon irradiation by near-infrared (NIR) light, thereby thermally damaging nearby cells. During the study, it was shown by microscopic examination of the blood that after incubation of blood with cationic GNRs in vitro, the interaction of GNRs with white blood cells and platelets was observed. Further, using histology and fluorescence microscopy it was shown that after in vivo application the cationic GNRs are mostly accumulated in mouse spleen. The obtained data contributed to an understanding of cationic GNRs distribution and toxicity at the level of the cell and organism and were published as a part of the complex study in Biomaterials journal.
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Quality of life of a womans with breast cancer
Kosinová, Martina ; Vachková, Eva (advisor) ; Gigalová, Veronika (referee)
Author: Martina Kosinová Institution: Institute of Social Medicine, Charles University in Hradec Králové Department of Nursing Title: The quality of life of women with breast cancer Supervisor: Mgr. Eva Vachková, Ph.D. Number of pages: 110 Number of attachments: 3 Year of defense: 2018 Keywords: quality of life, cancer, breast cancer The bachelor thesis deals with breast cancer and its influence on the quality of life of the sick woman. The theoretical part focuses on breast anatomy, breast cancer division, epidemiology, etiology, prevention, disease manifestations, disease diagnosis, treatment and nursing care. It clarifies the concept of "quality of life". The empirical part examines the quality of life of women with breast cancer using a questionnaire survey.
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Advances in chemotherapy and novel antitumor drugs
Kraus, Michal ; Kovář, Marek (advisor) ; Koudelková, Lenka (referee)
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. While some types of cancer became almost entirely curable, majority of malignant tumors are still potentially deadly diseases due to unsensitivity of tumors to conventional chemotherapy or diversity of cancer cells within the tumor and subsequent development of resistance. The underlying mechanism of action of conventional antitumor drugs is mostly related to cell division. DNA damage, inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair or disrupted formation of mitotic spindle are the most common mechanisms. However, it implies that most of the drugs are cytotoxic for rapidly dividing cells in general which results in variety of undesirable side effects for patients. Search for novel anticancer drugs targeting cancer cells more selectively has been point of interest of researchers for decades. Hundreds of new potential anticancer drugs are being described every year, some posessing so far unrecognized mechanisms of action. Process called drug repurposing examines drugs that have already been approved for clinical use in other than oncology field and results into discovering of interesting "novel" anticancer agents. Another general trend is represented by shift towards development of targeted therapy which is slowly replacing traditional cytotoxic...
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Nutrition for oncological diseases
Strejčková, Vendula ; Jirsová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Aschermannová, Alexandra (referee)
Sufficient and quality nutrition is an important support for mastering serious oncological treatment and debilitating illness. Educating the public about the risk of oncological disease related malnutrition and the importance of a balanced diet, incidence of new malignanccies increases every year. 94 000 people as the newly diagnosis were in 2015. Nearly 542 000 people lived with cancer diagnosis in 2015. Not only among patient it is widespread idea that malnutrition is something that can not concern us because we are doing good. Many patients do not have insight into their nutritional status. They do not think they are at risk of malnutrition. But if someone gets cancer, sooner or later, the symptoms of the disease will appear, and along with demanding treatment that brings a lot of side effects, and worsing of oral intake, and weight loss is coming. The theoretical part describes the causes of the cancer disease, its influence on the organism, the most common types of anticancer treatment together with the side effects and the possibilities of their management. The second half of the theoretical work deals with the evaluation of nutritional risk in oncological patients, nutritional recommendations and in case of insufficient nutrition for any reason, as well as nutritional support. Objective...
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The specifics of children´s radiotherapy
KŘIŠTOVÁ, Pavla
This bachelor thesis focuses on a medical treatment of small children who are cured of cancer and how to cure by the radiotherapy. It also deals with differences between small kids and adults how to cure them properly and what are the causes of their illnesses. I wanted to show the differences among children's tumors and their treatments by radiotherapy. I have been to the radiotherapy center at Motol Hospital and I described some concrete cases of small children and I wanted to emphasize how important is to be individually as much as possible in every piece of this job. There are also graphical projections of the illness according to child's age and child's diagnosis. And there are also researching questions: Are there more children who are ill and need radiotherapy in the Czech Republic? The answer is done by graphical projection and it deals in period of 18 years since 1993 to 2013. . In the final part of my bachelor thesis you can find the results of the children medical treatment and also information from the written sources. It is interesting that the diagnosis of a concrete small child is different from a diagnosis from his or her adulthood. It is clear that a small child´s tumor is more often caused by a genetically bottom not by a bad lifestyle which is typical of an adult´s tumors. My bachelor thesis contains a basic overview of child´s tumors and it is meant especially for students of some medical branches.
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Impact of circadian system disruption on development of gastrointestinal disorders
Kubištová, Aneta ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
The ability to sense 24-hour cycles in external environment and to adapt to them is present in a great array of species living on the Earth. Mammals possess internal time-keeping system which is composed of circadian clocks located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypotalamus and peripheral clocks in various tissues and organs of the body. These clocks are adapting to the changes of external environment, such as light and dark cycles or feeding cycles. Peripheral clocks in the organs of the digestive system are synchronized with the signals derived from the central clock in the SCN and also with signals from food intake. Discordance between these signals may result in development of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) related to insufficient digestion or even in higher risk of developing a cancer. This bachelor thesis is generally aimed at circadian rhythms in the body, with the focus on rhythms in the GIT. It will deal with the importance of the circadian rhythms for correct GIT functions. Furthermore, the thesis is focused on connection between the desynchonization of the circadian clock and GIT disease development, namely of obesity and cancer.
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Mitochondrial beta-lactamase and its role in humans
Baudyšová, Alžběta ; Šácha, Pavel (advisor) ; Pecina, Petr (referee)
Cancer is one of the most frequent causes of death. Fortunately, human body has a number of various mechanisms that protect cells from tumorigenic transformation. One of those mechanisms are tumor suppressor genes. The latest described tumor suppressor gene encodes LACTB protein. LACTB is the mammalian homolog of bacterial beta-lactamases and penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs are involved in construction of bacterial cell walls (specifically in the synthesis of peptidoglycan) and they could be inhibited by penicillin antibiotics. Beta-lactamases are able to break the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and provide resistance to the antibiotics. The main topic of this work will be the LACTB protein. LACTB is localizated in the intermembrane space of mammalian mitochondria. Here it forms filaments whose physiological function still remains unknown. LACTB, apart from its connection with cancer, was also associated with obesity and penicillin allergy. Main focus of this work will be to gather all known information about the LACTB protein and put them into a wider context.
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Enteral nutrition in oncology patients
Šulcová, Jana ; Křížová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Mráz, Miloš (referee)
This bachelor thesis considers possibilities of enteral nutrition and its influence on life quality of oncological patients. The thesis consists of a theoretical and an experimental part. The theoretical part compiles the issue of malnutrition and nutritional support with emphasis on enteral nutrition. It deals with malnutrition in oncology and its solution. In the experimental part, a study of influence of enteral nutrition on life quality of oncological patients was conducted. A question was, how health condition, life quality and energy intake of patients are changed after one month of enteral nutrition use. The survey includes a physical examination, measuring patients with a machine Bodystat Quadscan 4000, filling up a questionnaire, evaluation of laboratory tests, and analysis of the patient's diet. The results of the study prove positive influence of enteral nutrition on health condition of patients with respect to laboratory tests. According to the questionnaire, the life quality of patients increased and the diet report shows increased energy intake. The physical examination results and Bodystat measurements did not prove positive influence of enteral nutrition.
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