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Alternative fuel for internal combustion engines for commercial vehicles
Snášel, Pavel ; Charvát, Pavel (referee) ; Štětina, Josef (advisor)
The liquid petroleum fuels, gasoline and diesel, have gradually enforced during the development of thermal machines. Because these fuels are non-renewable and their usage is joined with many ecological and economical problems, we face the task how to replace these dominating fuels. The purpose of this thesis is to summarize and compare the properties of alternative fuels, especially their heating value, and sketch the supposed progress of their usage in transportation.
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Slow food
Krauz, Kamil ; Švarc, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Vavrečka, Jan (referee)
The Food Safety and Quality Control System in Czech RepublicThe thesis describes the way how is the food safety control and quality protection provided in Czech republic. There is the law definition of the all forms of food during the food production chain from the primary production up to sale to the consumer in the work. The thesis focuses on the requirements laid down in the Czech and European food law on the food producers and sellers. The thesis also deals with the food contamination and quality aspects - nutrition value and quality branding. There is also chapter about the quality management system certification and chapter about the current cases related with the safe food area in the Czech republic in 2012 (Methanol, Polish technical salt and horse lasagne).
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Costs and benefits of alcohol probition in the Czech republic
Rokošová, Lucie ; Komrska, Martin (advisor) ; Slaný, Martin (referee)
This diploma thesis compares the profits and costs of the prohibition adopted in the Czech Republic during September 2012. The prohibition that lasted two weeks was a reaction of the Czech government on series of intoxication due to the proof of toxic methanol. The thesis detects, based on the comparison of the value of saved lives and costs that the prohibition cause, the effectivity of the government interference on the market oriented economy. The profits of the prohibition are defined as a value of saved lives of people, who would die because of the intoxication if the prohibition would not be adopted. The value of the human life is defined by DALY (disability-adjusted life years), the willingness to pay for prolongation of own life and the amount of potential juridical refunds. The costs of the prohibition are formulated as a value of unsold goods and services. Diploma thesis considers also impact of prohibition on tax collection. We can state that, based on the cost-benefit analysis, the adopted prohibition was economically effective.
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Metanol v lihovinách a možnosti jeho detekce
Němec, Michal
The Bachelor thesis "The methanol in spirits and possibilities its detection" describes the basis alcohols, their occurence and properties. The detailed description of methanol, its chemical and physical properties, use, manufacture and physiological effects are described. The work was also focused on ethanol, its production, properties, metabolism and its wide range of applications. The work refers to a danger of methanol and ethanol and what they can cause when they are eaten. Part of Bachelor thesis is devoted to the possibilities of methanol detection, where the methods of methanol detection in spirits with a focus on the determination of methanol by gas and liquid chromatography are described and the description of the lesser known methods as well. The work also describes the methods, which are used for detection of the presence of methanol in spirits that exist on the Internet and where their functionality is not proven and these are dangerous due to the possibility of subsequent methanol poisoning. Conclusion of the literary part is dedicated to the legislation about spirit drinks. The new law about mandatory labeling of spirits, which arose in connection with the methanol affair is mentioned as well. The practical part was focused on the applicability of the method for methanol detection in spirits, which is described in the literature. It has ben proven that the certified method is not suitable to detect the presence of methanol in spirits.
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CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT IN THE COMPANY PRIMAGRA,a.s.
GAIGEROVÁ, Petra
Abstract The protection of the population against the consequences of major accidents in recent years has been a very important issue to deal with. As well as hazardous chemicals which we encounter in our everyday life, intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore I have chosen the theme, which deals with the effects of hazardous chemicals and the possibility of accidents caused by hazardous substances. Another motivation for the selection of the topic of this work is that I have been working as head of the laboratory in a chemical plant for several years and proper handling of chemical substances has become an everyday necessity, as well as improving prevention of our company. Most of the people associate industrial accident with the Ukrainian Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster or a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy. The releases of hazardous substances into the environment are frighteningly common in the Czech Republic as well. The main aim of this work is to determine possible impacts of the effects of individual hazardous substances on the Primagra Company, a.s. Considering this aim, the main research question has been raised: Which hazardous substances in the Primagra Company, a.s. can cause accidents? Based on this issue, further practical parts of the next target can be defined: simulation of the accident in the Primagra Company, a.s., threats to the object and possible accidents. The thesis is divided into two parts: the first theoretical part is followed by the introduction of the Primagra Company, a.s., by the sort of stored substances and modeling that is important for finding possible impacts on the accident. The introductory section summarizes the basic information concerning major accidents, legislation and examples of accidents that are associated with the release of hazardous substances in the past. Regarding the topic of the work, the thesis describes features of hazardous chemicals, labeling and packaging of the chemical substances and preparations, documentation of hazardous chemicals and important physical properties associated with the management of hazardous substances. The significance of the second part is the implementation of the simulation, also known as modelling of a chemical accident associated with hazardous chemicals. Primagra Company, a.s. became a selected plant where several hazardous substances were treated at once. For the purpose of modelling, methanol was used as a substance. TerEx was used as a simulation software tool. By using this program two emergency situations were modelled. The type of model Bleve was used, which is suitable for the hitting of the tank by fire and subsequent destruction. The bulk of the tank contents then escapes into the cloud of gas and vapor of the liquid, which is rapidly mixed with the air. Subsequent fire has risen sharply due to turbulence and mixing with air. The result is a rising ball of fire - ie. Fire Ball. It is possible to conclude from the modeled results and outputs that a dangerous cloud reaching 145 m from the site of an accident would occure. It could cause mortality of 10% within the distance of 145 m. There would be a risk of burns 1 degree within a distance of 375 m. Recommended evacuation distance by reaching 375 m. By the analysis, it was found, that in the case of an accident in the company Primagra, a.s. employees, the population in the surroundings, the environment, property of the company may be affected. The company would suffer a loss in a business field, such as loss of customer interest, direct material and production decrease. More serious impacts that would implicate in human lives would not occur, however. This work may either be used in the company Primagra Company, a.s. as a protection against accidents or as a study material.
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Methanol intoxication
PÍCHA, Pavel
This bachelor thesis deals with the theme of methanol intoxication. This issue has been known by people for years. However, it came into the consciousness of people and medias at 2012, thanks to the infamous methanol affair. Methanol is extremely dangerous to people, especially because of its properties and its toxicity. Toxic metabolites are mainly: formic acid and formaldehyde. A man is almost unable to recognize the difference between methanol and ethanol- which is a part of many popular alcoholic beverages. During the methanol intoxication, particularly the basal ganglia and optic nerve are affected. Clinical symptoms of methanol intoxication are ebrieta, gastrointestinal problems such as: abdominal pain and diarrhea. Furthermore: visual disturbances, quantitative disturbance of consciousness, convulsions and acidosis. The severity of poisoning depends mainly on the amount of methanol consumed. Minimal toxic dose is 0.1mg per a kilogram of a body weight. The most efficient way, when providing the first aid, is to provide the patient with some ethanol. The most important steps for hospital treatment include administering antidotes of ethanol or fomepizole and hemodialysis. The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge of paramedics about taking care of a patient who is suspected with methanol poisoning. Qualitative research was conducted through interviews with medical rescuers of the South Bohemian Emergency Medical service. The research sample was given to 10 respondents of different gender, age and length of service. Respondents research group was chosen at random. Respondents were laid a total of 18 questions, which should determine whether paramedics have enough information about the intoxication and ways of how to take care about a patient suspected with methanol intoxication. The results are presented in a box, for better clarity. It showed, during interviews, that only a small part of the respondents have an experience with methanol intoxication. Furthermore, it appeared that the respondents have basic knowledge about methanol intoxication and they should be able to provide the patient, suspected to have intoxication with methanol, with proper first aid and take care of him without hesitation, especially in prehospital emergency care. Further details concerning the research are presented in the discussion. The objective was achieved. We managed, to reply positively on the question: Do paramedics have enough of new knowledge when taking care of patients being suspected with methanol poisoning. Paramedics, employees of the South Bohemian Medical Service have enough knowledge about taking care of a patient, intoxicated by methanol. On the other hand, the rescuers were missing the knowledge about the precise toxic doses of methanol and precise dosage of ethanol as an antidote. Most paramedics also did not know the subsequent exact procedure of hospital treatment, and new types of antidotes. The auxiliary leaflet about metanol intoxication was created on the basis of explored results of practical part of this bachelor thesis to help paramedics. Intoxication with methanol is not so frequent, but it is very dangerous and it is very difficult to diagnose it on the spot. When occured, it is important to know the first aid and the way of how to take care of a patient suspected to be intoxicated with methanol. People should learn from the cases described in the media and also they should stop buying alcoholic products from unknown manufacturers. It would be the prevention of further disaster. We only have one health.
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Premedical care for patients with methanol intoxication
KŘENEK, Jan
Intoxication through methanol is a relatively less frequent type of poisoning, which can lead even to a serious damage to the human body; can cause loss of vision as well as permanent infliction of the central nervous system. And also the death of the afflicted person is possible with late treated conditions. The methanol metabolites are quilted for the damage of the human body - mainly formic acid that is why the therapy of this health and life-threatening condition is mostly focused on the metabolism of methanol. The theoretical part deals with pre-medical that is pre-hospital emergency care of patients with a methanol intoxication. The first chapter deals with the pre-hospital emergency care, a medical rescuer and his competencies, and the ambulance crew is listed here as well. Furthermore, the theoretical part of the thesis deals with the acid-base balance, metabolic acidosis, but also involves the Toxicological Information Centre. The next chapter explore methanol and its characteristics and the history of methanol in the course of the human civilisation. It explains the metabolism of methanol and highlights the symptoms of acute and chronic methanol intoxications. The last chapter is directly focused on first aid in this state provided by a layman; and on the treat methanol intoxication in terms of pre-hospital emergency. Last but not least, it is also concerned with the effects of the methanol intoxication. The practical part of the thesis is focused on mapping the activities of a paramedic in a pre-medical care of a patient with a methanol intoxication and on determination the level of awareness of laity as well as the clients of the sobering-up station for this type of poisoning. As well as a laity with help of anonymous questionnaires. The research survey was conducted through the quantitative method among the paramedics. The amount of the data was collected during the March 2015. The research group were the randomly choired laymen and clients of the sobering-up station and the paramedics working in the Emergency Medical Services of South Bohemia Region at the regional centres of Strakonice, Písek, Prachatice, Český Krumlov and Jindřichův Hradec. The anonymous questionnaire was distributed to the above stated regional centres in the number of 100 pieces, for the laity in the same number and 10 pieces for the sobering-up station in České Budějovice. The questionnaire for the paramedics contained a total of 18 questions. The first four questions were the ones of stratification, the questions no 5 to 18 were closed and directly addressed the issues concerning the provision of pre-hospital emergency care in methanol intoxication, whereas the hypothesis no. 1 was confirmed. The questionnaire for the laity in itself contained a total of 14 questions. The first three questions were of socio demographic character. The fourth question was closed and crucial to the continued questionnaire. The question no. 5 was semi-open and remaining questions no. 6 to 14 related to determine the level of awareness among the laity methanol intoxication. The results are processed into clear graphs and the related hypothesis no. 2 was also confirmed. The first goal was to map the activity of a paramedic in a pre-medical care of a patient with a methanol intoxication. The second objective was to determine the level of awareness of the laity of this intoxication. Both the objectives have been met. The statistical method of processing a research survey showed that paramedics are knowledgeable in the procedures of pre-medical care for patients with a methanol intoxication and that lay people are informed of this intoxication, but would welcome more active involvement of experts in informing society about this issue. Based on the results of the work an information leaflet was produced for the lay and paramedics in the field of alcohol intoxication.
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Dealing with presentment in practice of choosen KHS Czech Republic and the issue of extraordinary events related to the methanol scandal.
LEŠTINOVÁ, Jana
In my master thesis, I have been mapping the work of regional hygiene stationswhile solving problems and providing services during exceptional situations in the methanol cause. For the practical part, I have decided to use the combination of the quantitative and the qualitative type of research. To gather the data, I have created a questionnaire that was composed of five open-ended questions. I have used an electronic way of distributing the questionnaire to all of the 14 regional hygiene stations of the Czech Republic. Unfortunately, there were only three hygiene stations that provided the needed data. The three participating hygiene stations were: KHS of South Bohemia region residing in ČeskéBudějovice, KHS of Vysočina region residing in Jihlava, and KHS of West Bohemia region residing in Plzeň. The secondary analysis of data was used to analyze and evaluate the given answers. For the needs of questionnaire examination, there has been created another questionnaire. It was composed of 14 closed questions that were mainly related to the knowledge and attitude of respondents to the given topic. All of the 206 respondents were residents of South Bohemia region. The questionnaire was posted on several internet web pages, and the research took place from March 2014 to July 2014. I have set several goals of the research. The first goal was to discover the number of incentives to be solved that were accepted by the three participating hygiene stations between the years 2008 and 2013. During the past six years, KHS of South Bohemia region, KHS ofVysočina region, and KHS of West Bohemia region experienced the growing trend in the number of incentives accepted. The lowest number of incentives accepted in KHS of South Bohemia region was in 2009, in KHS of Vysočina region in 2009 and 2010, and in KHS of West Bohemia in 2011. On the other hand, the highest number of incentives was experienced by all hygiene stations during the year 2013, and the number was significantly higher than in previous years. Another goal was to discover the number of alcohol accepted by KHS of South Bohemia during the methanol cause, the number of alcohol tested, and also the proportion of harmful alcohol that contained either methanol of isopropanol. In the South Bohemia region, there were 670 samples being tested during December 2012. Out of the 670 samples, there were 16 harmful samples, as 11 of them got over the technological limit of isopropanol contained, and 5 of methanol contained. Part of the master thesis was also to map the awareness of South Bohemia region residents of the methanol cause, and tolearn about their estimation on being able to recognize harmful alcohol by themselves without having it tested. The results have shown that 206 people which is equal to 100% of respondents were aware of methanol cause, and that they had at least basic information about it. 45 (22 %) respondents believed that they were able to recognize harmful alcohol by themselves, and 53 (26 %) respondents did not know about the possibility of having the alcohol tested by the hygiene stations. Out of all 153 well-informed respondents, only 3 (2 %) had their alcohol tested. The last goal of my master thesis was to discover the residents' opinion on hygiene stations. Concretely, I wanted to determine whether respondents would use a guide on how to report a complaint or an incentive. 100 % (206) of respondents have agreed on the fact that it would be useful if such a guide would be present on the web pages of each hygiene station. The research has also shown that 203 (99 %) respondents have answered that they assume that state administration bodies should be more helpful when giving information.Only 3 (1 %)respondents answered that the attitude of state administration is good enough.
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Organical chemicals from biomass
DOLEŽAL, David
This bachelor thesis deals with the processes of biomass as a renewable resource for the production of chemicals that could compete chemicals obtainable from fossil sources. Processing of biomass can be divided into two main approaches namely a thermochemical and biotechnological processing of biomass processes. This processing involves many processes such as hydrolysis, crushing, fermentation, combustion or high temperatures and pressures, and many other thermochemical or biotechnological processes associated with the nature of the structure of the biomass. As the most important products of biomass processing can be considered biofuels represented in my work mainly by ethanol, but also methanol and other organic chemicals such as furfural, levulinic acid and hydroxymethylfurfural derived from the processing of C5 and C6 sugars located in the fundamental structure of biomass. These organic chemicals can also serve as a chemical platform and subsequent modifications of them can get products with the same or very similar properties of the products of the petrochemical industry.
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Activity of the institute of public health protection in connection with the cases of poisoning with methyl alcohol in Zlin region in 2012
PÁNKOVÁ, Jana
There was news in Medias during methanol cause that the reason of the instant crises of poisoning with methyl alcohol could be insufficient check activity of authorities for protection of health of inhabitants (next APHI only). The target of my bachelor work is to judge if the authorities for protection of public health (next PPH only) are able to provide sufficient steps in cases of health hazard or damage because of consummation of methyl alcohol. The main attention is given to activity of Stations Regional Hygiene in Zlín region (next SRH ZR only) with the seat in Zlín during solving of the methanol cause in Zlín region. In theoretical part I mention general and special cognisance about methanol, basic information about types of spirits and classification of their safeness. I described forms of intoxications and cure possibilities. I also pay my attention to occurrence of poisonings from methanol in the world during last few years and present circumstances of intoxicate cases in Zlín region. In practical part I arrange chronologically and characterized particular emergency measures proclaimed by the Minister of Health during solving of methanol cause. I describe the results of the first and second period of checking ACTION 735 which was led by Board of customs of CR and aimed for checking of spirits, tuzemak and consumption spirit. Next I mention the way of security inquiry of civil instigations. It was done from December 5 to 28, 2012. Particular people could deliver a sample of alcohol with obscure origin to SRH ZR for testing which was free of charge. It was followed with processing intoxications during the extraordinary event in Zlín region. Classification method of investigative question is descriptive analysis of cases of poisoning from methyl alcohol, the number of checking provided by SRH ZR and other supervisory organs, description of ascertained defects and specified sanctions. I use charts, column, doughnut and cobweb graphs for illustration. We can see from the results that during the extraordinary event there were 21 people intoxicated with methyl alcohol in ZR during which time there were 17 patients admitted to hospital and 4 people were found dead in their place of residence. There were heavy persistent effects evidenced at one patient after release from hospital. The class of age 60 - 69 was dominated among poisoned people. In the period of time from September 1, 2012 to January 24, 2013 SRH ZR provided 1156 checks focused on abidance of proclaimed emergency measures. In terms of cooperation with other supervisory organs they provided 19 corporate checks. They found some troubles in 27 places of business - 13 × breaking of emergency measures, 3 × missing of proof of acquisition, 5 x unsatisfactory results of laboratory investigations, 6 × violation of watched the origin of alcohol and dupery of customers. They awarded 34 fines in an amount CZK 386,000.00. At the end of this work I sum up facts of methanol cause and supposed range of possible victims. I evaluate the activity of SRH, interdepartmental work group and other involved organs. On the base of extraordinary event they agreed the new law n. 309/2013 Digest about trading and the new law n. 307/2013 Digest about obligatory marking of spirit. These laws could precede occurrence of similar event. They also set regular checking focused on adulterate alcohol. At the close in connection with order of reports about numbers of intoxicate people during solving the extraordinary event I suggest some steps which could contribute to improvement of APHI activities in similar cases in future.
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