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Funkční stav mléčné žlázy v závislosti na způsobu zaprahnutí dojnic
KOSOVÁ, Vendula
The method of dry off therapy dairy cows significantly affects the overall course of the dry period, the functional state of the mammary gland and the occurrence of mastitis in the first phase of lactation. Concerns about antimicrobial resistance have been growing in recent years, leading to demands for antibiotic reduction in livestock farming. Efforts to reduce antibiotic consumption also affect the way cows are milked. The selective method of thresholding seems to be a suitable alternative to surface antibiotic plating, which was a common practice on most farms in the Czech Republic. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to process the recorded data on dry dairy cows and their subsequent comparison in order to evaluate different methods of drying off. The data, used in this thesis, was taken in the agricultural enterprise Agrodam Hořepník, in the period from September 2020 to October 2021 and deals with a total of 398 dairy cows. The methods of drying off compared were: drying off using the antibiotic preparation Orbenin and Orbeseal teat plugs, a combination of the Orbenin antibiotic preparation, Orbeseal teat plugs and the Herba Dry herbal supplement, dryin off with the help of the Orbeseal teat plug with the Herba Dry herbal supplement and a variant of the Orbeseal teat plug itself. Antibiotic dry cow therapy had the most effective results when comparing PSB before farrowing and after calving. However, the fact that alternative methods did not achieve the same favorable results as antibiotics, their use in dairy cows with low PSB appears to be effective.
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Hodnocení výživy a metabolismu dojnic na základě výsledků vyšetření bazénových a individuálních vzorků mléka
Dubová, Kateřina
The thesis objective was to evaluate the results of bulk milk samples and individual milk samples taken during the performance control of dairy cows over one year, correlation analysis of mutual relationships between milk examined parameters and correlation analysis of milk composition and the temperature values. Next objective was to compare results of performance control between first-calvers and the dairy cows on the second and higher lactation and also use of results of milk samples to determine dairy cow health problems. The evaluation of nutrition and metabolism from bulk milk samples and the individual milk samples for the period from 4/2016 to 3/2017 was conducted in the ZD Dušejov. There are 480 dairy cows of Holstein at present. Comparison of bulk and individual milk samples results revealed the most important difference in the number of somatic cells (12 %) and urea (18 %). The differences are minimal for the other parameters. Based on the statistical comparison of individual samples, the first-calvers lower milk yield (17.2 %), than the cows on the second and higher lactation (P < 0.001), was found. In the early stages of lactation of first-calvers, there were recorded lower milk fat and higher lactose concentrations. The fact that the first-calvers have a healthier mammary gland shows the difference (P < 0.001) in the number of somatic cells. From the correlation of components of individual milk samples the closest relationship between the fat and the lactose/fat ratio (r = 0.95) and the relationship of citric acid to acetone (r = 0.76) was found. The most significant negative correlation was found between the milk yield and the day of lactation (r = -0.65) and milk fat (r = -0.57). Monitoring showed that the temperature affected the fat, protein (r = -0.88) and lactose concentration (r = -0.80). By the temperature rises, the risk of ketoses increases. This is confirmed by the results of relationship between the temperature and acetone and bethahydroxybutyrate concentrations (r = 0.87 and 0.85). Based on the use of fat/protein ratio as a suitable indicator of the effect of nutrition on the metabolism, it has been found that nearly half of the herd is threatened by the rumen acidosis. The rising risk of acidosis increases the number of mastitis treatments (r = 0.72; P < 0,01) and the incidence of inflamation the hoof (r = 0.45), which isn 't conclusive for low number of variables. Ketosis, according to the results of individual samples, is risk for average of 5 % of the herd. The positive correlation between the occurrence of placental retention and ketosis (r = 0.82; P < 0.01), was found.
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The influence of external factors on the incidence of mastitis in dairy cows
Valíčková, Daniela ; Stádník, Luděk (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The aim of this diploma work was to evaluate the influence of a farm, a lactation order, and a month and a year of calving to the percentage occurrence and number of mastitis with cows. Besides, mainly an effectiveness of precautions, nursing works and farming technologies were evaluated. The evaluation was being performed during the years 2014 - 2015 at two farms situated in Slovakia which were breeding the breed of Slovak piebald cattle. Figures about the mastitis occurrence were acquired from the evidence of veterinary records of mastitis treatment and cows´dry out. Information about the number of somatic cells I have borrowed from Slovak republic breeding information system. For the figures evaluation a statistical program SAS 9.3 (SAS/STAT 9.3, 2011) was used. For the determination of basic parameters the procedures MEANS a UNIVARIATE were used. Observed indicators and basic statistics were evaluated for both arms together. Main parameters were evaluated statistically for both farms altogether.
From the total number of 514 milk cows, was the mastitis occurrence recorded on the average in 29,77%, with the average length of treatment 1,94 days and milk cows´ lactation was on the average 2,81. The number of mastitis occurrence was on the average 0, 51 times, the highest frequency of mastitis occurrence achieved up to 6 times.
Statistically significant influence of mastitis numbers to the percentage mastitis occurrence (P <0, 001) was proved. Percent of mastitis occurrence is provable influenced by a farm (P<0,001), a year and a month of calving (P<0,001) and lactation order (P<0,001). The number of mastitis is considerably influenced by a farm (P<0,001), a month and a year of calving (P<0,001).
Percent of mastitis occurrence reached the highest figures on the 5th and the next lactation (68, 49 %) and the lowest % mastitis occurrence was recorded on the 1st lactation (45, 98 %). The number of mastitis occurrence was the highest on the 5th and the next lactations (1,19x) and the lowest on the 1st lactation (0,81x).
Percent of mastitis occurrence was during the observed period higher at the farm PD Mestečko (66, 06 %) and the lowest at the farm PD Dolná Mariková (48, 96 %). Demonstrability on the boundary of statistic difference´ importance (P < 0, 01) was between % mastitis occurrence and both farms.
The number of mastitis occurrence was higher at the farm PD Mestečko (1,22x) in contrast to the lowest at the farm PD Dolná Mariková (0,82x). Statistically proved difference (P < 0, 01) was between the number of mastitis occurrence and the farms PD Mestečko and PD Dolná Mariková.
Percentage mastitis occurrence was the highest in April (79, 05 %), the lowest occurrence was in November (34, 30%). The number of mastitis occurrence was the highest in March (1,51x), the lowest was recorded in November and December (0,63x).
The highest percentage mastitis occurrence (99, 92 %) was recorded in calving year 2013. The lowest mastitis occurrence was in year 2015 (19, 92 %). The number of mastitis occurrence was the highest in year 2013 (1,92x) and the lowest in year 2015 (0,33x).
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Influence of robotic milking on milk production and quality
Houšková, Veronika ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The object of this thesis was to assess the influence of robotic milking machines on the production and quality of milk in a herdof Czech Mottled Simmental cattle at a family farm Suchý during the period from January 2014 to December 2015.
The hypothesis: Robotic milking worsensre productive performance of cows and aggravates diseases of the limbs.
When evaluating the milk yield and reproductive performance of dairy cows in individual years, the data necesery was obtained from the control documentation of processed during regular yield assessments, carried out by Natural spol. s.r.o and the data selected from Analysis of a Herd Registered in a Herd-book of Czech Mottled Simmental Cattle, drawn up by the Czech-Moravian Breeders Association a.s. The statistical evaluation was processed and analysed by using Microsoft Office Excel and a statistical programme SAS 9.3 (SAS/STAT 9.3, 2011).
In respekt of the influence of order of lactation, it was found that some indicator shave a strong influence. As fortheherd A as well as herd B, a positive correlation between the sequence of lactation and milk production in kg (r= 0,123 herd A, r= 0,289 herd B; at a significance level of p<0.001). In herd A the milk production was higher than in the second and subsequent lactations by 1,165 kg compared with the first lactation (6,835kg). In a herd milked by a robot the production of milk was significantly higher than in the second lactation, and that by 2,221kg (7,285kg). Another positive correlation was found between thes equence of lactation and the number of somatic cells (r= 0.556 herd A, and r= 0,669 herd B and on the level of signifikance of p<0,001). In the originál herd quantities of somatic cells were measure dagainst the second and higher lactation, and that 388 x 1000/ ml. The same result has beenals of fortheherd B with a milking robot. The higher number of somatic cells was retraced in the second and higher lactation (282 x 1000/ ml); that means a lower value by 138 x 1000/ ml in comparison to the first lactation. When viewing the influence of the order of lactation on qualitative indicators, negative correlation wasestablished only in respekt of fat and lactose content.
After the evaluation of influence of the number of lactation days, a positive influence was found on the production of milk in kg (r= 0,923 herd A, and r= 0,885 herd B at a signifikance level of p<0.001). In both herdst hehighest performance wase stablishe dat the peak of lactation (24,6 kg forherd A and 27,19, kg forherd B). It was alsonoted that thereis a positive effect of lactation days on the protein content in milk (r= 0,253 forherd A and r= 0,100 forherd B on a level of signifikance of p<0.001). The highest percentage of protein was present in the originál herd A (3,385%) as well as in the robotisedherd B (3,365%) in the first lactationphase 1- 40 days. Contrariwise, number of lactation days has a negative effect on the kontent of fat, lactose and somatic cells in the milk.
In this thesis reproductive indicators were also evaluated. In robotised herd the repre found better values in the interim period, service period and during gestation period of cows after 1st insemination. In contrast with stalls with tandem milking, better results of conceiving of heifers after 1st insemination were achieved as well as conceiving of heifer after all inseminations, the insemination index and the percentage of conceptions of cows after all inseminations.
The above results indicate that the hypothesis cannot be fully confirmed or refuted. That part of the hypothesis, which assumes that robotic milking worsens the health condition of the limbscan be confirmed. But the second part of the hypothesis, deterioration of reproductive performance cannot be confirmed. For most of the reproductive performance indicators of there was signifiant improvement in milking using the robot.
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Prevention of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts in milk of cows
Lebedová, Šárka ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stádník, Luděk (referee)
This thesis focuses on a mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary glands in herds of dairy cattle and the somatic cells in milk.
At the beginning is described mammary gland and milk composition. After characterization of mastitis and their differentiation by typical symptoms, ie subclinical and clinical forms. Mastitis are among the highly costly disease of cows, because of the economic consequences, which include negative changes in quality of milk, decreased milk synthesis, the financial cost of veterinary treatment and drugs, higher intensity decommissioning cows from the productive group. Following is an overview of pathogens and characteristics of the most common causes of mastitis. Described are also immune function of the mammary gland and mechanisms that occur in the mammary gland during penetration of pathogens whose mission is to destroy microorganisms. They describe the three main risk factors: pathogen external environment, cows, whose interaction is a precondition for the onset of inflammation. The following is an overview of preventive measures, which include milking teat disinfection, housing, nutrition, drying off cows and the possibility of selection for resistance to mastitis. Then there are methods for the diagnosis of mastitis, which detects the number of the somatic cells, the concentration of enzyme and lactose. Further described is the treatment of sub-clinical, clinical mastitis and prevent the occurrence of resistance to antibiotics.
The conclusion is devoted to somatic cells, which are mostly made up of white blood cells and epithelial cells. Among the factors influencing the quantity of somatic cells include: pathogens and the level of infection, milk production, age of cows and stage of lactation influence the seasons etc. Most of the somatic cells reflected the presence of pathogens in the milk, it causes inflammation, which is accompanied by migration of white blood cells from blood in milk.
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Genetic health disorders of cattle
NOVÁKOVÁ, Petra
The main aim is to summarize and describe the possibilities of improving genetic resistance of cattle against mastitis with the assistance of genetic selection. Effort to reveal all genetic mastitis parameters is difficult and long term researches of genes associated with mastitis are just in the beginning. The first part is devoted to a description of mastitis, which is one of the major health problems in the breed of dairy cattle and has many of negative impacts. Next are listed selected genes that scientists have so far managed to connect with the disease.
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