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Methods for the detection of Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius using real-time PCR
Hrabák, Jaroslav ; Vlková, Kateřina ; Erban, Tomáš
The methodology is intended for diagnostic laboratories focused on bee infections. Detection of the causative agents of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) and European foulbrood (Melissococcus plutonius) is essential to prevent the spread of those highly contagious infections of a honey bee (Apis mellifera) diseases. In case of the suspicion, an examination of bee colonies in protective zones of the disease is indicated. The second possibility of use is the confirmation of the infection based on the detected clinical symptoms in the bee colony. The main target user in the Czech Republic are laboratories investigating animal diseases for the State Veterinary Administration (SVS) (accredited laboratories) in case of suspected disease and investigations in protective zones. Other target users are laboratories investigating bee colonies for reasons of preventive surveillance based on the request of beekeepers. The PCR method enables fast and reliable detection of P. larvae and M. plutonius from different samples taken from the bee colony. Compared to classic microbiological techniques, it allows to provide a result within a few hours of receiving the sample in the laboratory. In this way, it is possible to ensure, above all during the period of intense flight activity of bees, early intervention in bee colonies suspected of the occurrence of the mentioned diseases and to prevent the spread of the disease to nearby habitats of bee colonies.
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Habitat selection by dragonflies - effect of littoral and riparian vegetation
Bonková, Anita ; Černý, Martin (advisor) ; Waldhauser, Martin (referee)
Dragonflies form one of the important pillars of most aquatic ecosystems and play an important role in maintaining their balance. The main goal of this bachelor's thesis is to summarize current knowledge about the habitat preferences of members of the order Odonata, with a focus on the effect of littoral and riparian vegetation, which are critical components of aquatic biotopes and significantly influence the distribution, abundance and reproductive success of dragonflies. In my work, I focus on all developmental stages, from larvae to adults. These findings are important for the maintenance and revitalization of freshwater ecosystems, in which it is necessary to pay attention to the composition of littoral and riparian vegetation to support the diverse needs of this unique insect order. Key words: habitat preference, dragonflies, Odonata, riparian vegetation, littoral vegetation
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Dragonflies (Odonata) of selected localities around Benešov
ŘÍHOVÁ, Radka
This bachelor thesis aimed to map the presence of dragonflies (Odonata) in selected locations around the municipalities of Heřmaničky, Velké Heřmanice, and Mrákotice in Benešovsko. This Bachelor thesis is based on pre-conducted field research (dragonfly capture and observation). Another aim of this bachelor thesis was to investigate the natural conditions at eight pre-selected locations in Benešovsko, compare the sites with each other based on environmental characteristics, and find out the presence of dragonfly communities. It has made the suggestion even about didactic use in primary school teaching.
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Telomerase activity pattern in somatic tissues of the bumblebee (B. terrestris)
FREYTAG, Matilda Emily
In this thesis it was determined if the telomerase activity pattern of primitive eusocial insects, like Bombus terrestris (bumblebee), differs from the one already previously found in advanced eusocial insects, like for example Apis mellifera (honeybee). The telomerase activity of the somatic fat body tissue and the telomerase activity of larvae of B.terrestris were tested using TRAP assay. Possible influences of the life cycle of primitive eusocial insects, the mating process of queens and the endocrine regulation on the observed telomerase activity patterns are discussed.
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Ontogeny, evolution & homology of cement glands and attachment organs in lower vertebrates
Minařík, Martin ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee) ; Buchtová, Marcela (referee)
Aquatic larvae of many vertebrate lineages develop specialized, cranially located cement or attachment glands which allow them to remain attached to a substrate by means of polysaccharide secretion. The larvae can thus remain still and safe in well-oxygenated water out of reach of any predators until the digestive and locomotory apparatus fully develops. Xenopus cement gland is the most thoroughly studied example of this type of glands, since it was used as a model for the anteriormost patterning of the developing head. Based on shared expression patterns of key transcription factors and a similar ectodermal origin it has been repeatedly suggested that Xenopus cement gland is homologous to adhesive organs of teleosts and adhesive papillae of ascidians. The lack of comprehensive knowledge on this type of glands in other lineages however rendered any considerations of homology among such a distant lineages rather inconclusive. In the present work I have focused on a detailed study of the cement glands and other corresponding structures in three representatives of basal actinopterygian lineages: Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus), sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), and tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus). Using a combination of in vivo fate-mapping approaches with a Micro-CT imaging of cranial endoderm...
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Developmental morphogenesis of attachment organs in lower vertebrates
Minařík, Martin ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Buchtová, Marcela (referee)
Adhesive organs are widespread structures among vertebrate larvae. They allow the larvae to attach to a substrate, so that the time for the development of mouth or motoric apparatus could be prolonged. Similar structures in ascidians, larvaceans and lancelets are known too. Thus, it might be hypothesized that the presence of some type of adhesive gland could indeed represent the ancestral state for chordate larvae. Interestingly, however, whilst in most species these glands take their developmental origin in ectodermal layer, in bichir, a member of a primitive actinopterygian lineage, their origin was suggested to be endodermal already at the beginning of 20th century. Since then, however, the former study has become almost forgotten and even recent analyses do not come with new findings on this topic. Because of the essential importance of study of bichir cement glands for understanding the relationship between these structures among chordates, I have decided to focus on this subject. To obtain appropriate comparative data Xenopus, Weather loach and Ribbed newt embryos were included in this study as well. By using combination of immunohistochemical and histological techniques the endodermal origin of cement glands in bichir was proven and their morphogenesis was described into considerable details. The...
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Indukce triploidie u candáta obecného (Sander lucioperca)
RŮŽEK, Martin
The aim of this study was to induce the triploidy in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) with use of a cold shock. To induce the triploidy, fertilised egg were (spawning temperature 14,5 °C) submerged in a cold bath at the temperature of 2 °C. Time of initiation was 1; 3; 5; 7 and 10 minutes post activation. The exposure time was 20 and 40 minutes. Ploidy level of freshly hatched larvae was assessed with use of the flow cytometry. In both exposure times, the hatching rate was getting lower with later time of initiation (20 minutes exposure, hatching rate: 58,4-13,4 %; 40 minutes exposure, hatching rate: 28- 9,6 %). Number of malformed larvae increased with later time of initiation and longer exposure time (20 minutes exposure, malformed larvae 0-47,2 %; 40 minutes exposure, malformed larvae 0-58,8 %). None of the tested combination of exposure time and time of initiation led to a population containing 100 % triploid larvae. However, percentage of triploid larvae grew up with longer exposure time and later time of initiation. The best cold shock combination with highest yield of triploids were after 20 minutes long treatment initiated 10 minutes post activation (57,1 +- 14,2 %) and after 40 minutes long treatment initiated 10 minutes post activation (61,9 +- 8,2 %). The most important finding of this study is that cold shock treatment leads to triploidy in pikeperch. To obtain 100% triploid larvae, shorter exposure time and different shock temperature might be applied. It may also eliminate low hatching rate and high appearance of malformed larvae.
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Optimalizace intenzivního chovu larev candáta obecného (Sander lucioperca L.)
MORAVA, Jakub
The aim of this master thesis was test, comapre and observe the best density of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) for growth and survival of zander (Sander lucioperca) larvae stage in the recirculation aquatic systém (RAS). The secondary experiment tests initial feeding of zander by dint of rotifers and consequently by mix of rotifers and artemia. Main experiment observe effect of different density of rotifers on survive and growth of zander. Other observe parameters such as Fulton´s coeficient, total lenght of fish, weight of fish, etc. Fish was divided into 4 groups with different density of feeding and the control group without feeding. Rotifers has been used in density of 2, 6, 10 and 20 pieces per larva. The best growth in "D" group has been compensate by lower surviving. On the other hand the best ratio of survive has been observe in "C" group, which showed lower growth. The optimal rate of growth and survive has been declared in "B" group, which were feed with dose of 6 pieces rotifers for larva. In the second experiment were observe body changes of zander after initial feeding by rotifers folowed with feeding mix of rotifers and artemia. There were observe successful fulfillment of gas bladder and deformation of fish body and spinal after 40 days of keeping larvae in RAS. In the end of experiment there were also observe defirmations body - for example missing lower jaw, upper jaw or both of them. Spinal deformities occured in the form of scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis and zig zag distortion. The experiment has shown that unsuccessfully filled gas bladder is closely related to the formation of deformitiy in the zander. Another negative factor that affects the filling of the gas bladder is grease on the surface of the water level, so I recommend installing the grease trap in the fill phase of the gas bladder.
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Ontogeny, evolution & homology of cement glands and attachment organs in lower vertebrates
Minařík, Martin ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee) ; Buchtová, Marcela (referee)
Aquatic larvae of many vertebrate lineages develop specialized, cranially located cement or attachment glands which allow them to remain attached to a substrate by means of polysaccharide secretion. The larvae can thus remain still and safe in well-oxygenated water out of reach of any predators until the digestive and locomotory apparatus fully develops. Xenopus cement gland is the most thoroughly studied example of this type of glands, since it was used as a model for the anteriormost patterning of the developing head. Based on shared expression patterns of key transcription factors and a similar ectodermal origin it has been repeatedly suggested that Xenopus cement gland is homologous to adhesive organs of teleosts and adhesive papillae of ascidians. The lack of comprehensive knowledge on this type of glands in other lineages however rendered any considerations of homology among such a distant lineages rather inconclusive. In the present work I have focused on a detailed study of the cement glands and other corresponding structures in three representatives of basal actinopterygian lineages: Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus), sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), and tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus). Using a combination of in vivo fate-mapping approaches with a Micro-CT imaging of cranial endoderm...
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Developmental morphogenesis of attachment organs in lower vertebrates
Minařík, Martin ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Buchtová, Marcela (referee)
Adhesive organs are widespread structures among vertebrate larvae. They allow the larvae to attach to a substrate, so that the time for the development of mouth or motoric apparatus could be prolonged. Similar structures in ascidians, larvaceans and lancelets are known too. Thus, it might be hypothesized that the presence of some type of adhesive gland could indeed represent the ancestral state for chordate larvae. Interestingly, however, whilst in most species these glands take their developmental origin in ectodermal layer, in bichir, a member of a primitive actinopterygian lineage, their origin was suggested to be endodermal already at the beginning of 20th century. Since then, however, the former study has become almost forgotten and even recent analyses do not come with new findings on this topic. Because of the essential importance of study of bichir cement glands for understanding the relationship between these structures among chordates, I have decided to focus on this subject. To obtain appropriate comparative data Xenopus, Weather loach and Ribbed newt embryos were included in this study as well. By using combination of immunohistochemical and histological techniques the endodermal origin of cement glands in bichir was proven and their morphogenesis was described into considerable details. The...
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