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Analýza přírůstu smrku ztepilého (Picea abies) pěstovaného v monokultuře, porostní směsi a strukturovaném porostu na ŠLP ML Křtiny
Jarošová, Kateřina
This bachelor thesis deals with the evaluation of spruce production in three structures. Monoculture, a stand mix of European beech and Norway spruce, and a structurally differentiated forest converted to a selection forest with Norway spruce, Silver fir and European beech are evaluated. When evaluating the distribution of thickness and volume, the structurally rich stand is closest to sustainable management. In terms of the comparison of thicknesses, the monoculture has the highest competence, due to the highest number of individuals in the main stand. For the crown projections, the highest level of competibility is in mixed stands, mainly due to space filling by beech. In terms of growth of the tree base area (BAI), the main stand of the forest is the most productive in the conversion to selection and reaches the highest values. In a selective forest, the measure of thickness competiveness is somewhat biased by the high frequency of individuals concentrated in a relatively small area. This fact increases the thickness-competition index even when the trees involved are understory.
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Visual attention to faces in intersexual and intrasexual selection
Pátková, Žaneta ; Třebická Fialová, Jitka (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee) ; Stirratt, Michael (referee)
This thesis focuses on visual attention towards faces in intersexual and intrasexual selection. It consists of two main parts. The first part begins with a brief overview of the intersexual and intrasexual selection mechanisms. Within the framework of intersexual selection, facial attractiveness is discussed, with its putative link to health and immune system function. Within the framework of intrasexual selection, the thesis focuses on perceived facial dominance and formidability and their connection to actual characteristics. Moreover, specific facial traits and morphological features connected with judgements of attractiveness, dominance, and formidability are described. Given the scarce evidence of direct visual attention towards facial features connected with judgements of facial attractiveness and dominance or formidability, we discuss the eye-tracking method, which can measure direct visual attention. A brief summary of eye-tracking studies focusing on visual attention to faces, especially during attractiveness and dominance assessments, is provided. Finally, the thesis focuses on how individual sensory modalities (visual, olfactory and vocal) relate to each other in the perception of individuals and the detection of cues to an individual's quality. The second part of this thesis includes...
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Allelopathy in constitution of plant communities
Kučera, Pavel ; Weiser, Martin (advisor) ; Hadincová, Věroslava (referee)
Allelopathy, the ability of some plants to decrease the fitness of other plants by secondary metabolites, has been known for a very long time. The scientific community paid great attention to its research. Despite this, there is still a lot of ambiguity surrounding this phenomenon. In the past, the role of allelopathy in the constitution of plant communities had been often overlooked. The situation improved slightly in the past years. Several new articles summarizing information about the ecological aspect of allelopathy have been published. However, there are many unanswered questions about its widespread in plant communities and the degree of its influence on the ecosystem. This bachelor thesis is focused on summarizing contemporary knowledge about the influence of allelopathy, mainly from the ecological viewpoint, and presenting possible directions for future research. There is included a short list of the most common allelochemicals, basic principles of the functioning of allelopathy, its widespread through plant taxa, and its effect on the plant communities, mutualistic microorganisms, and the whole ecosystem. There is also mentioned the role of allelopathy in the process of invasion of alien species and at the end of the thesis, I discussed possible utilization of accumulated information in...
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Vliv kompetice na růst výmladků dubu zimního na výzkumné ploše Hády
Duda, Jan
This thesis deals with competition effect on sprouts growth of sessile oak (Quercus petraea agg.). It analyze dimensions and growth of sprouts in 5 growing seasons. It investigates competition effect to height increment and diameter increment of sprouts on areas in corversion to coppice and coppice with standarts. Measurement was realized in the area of ŠLP Křtiny, specifically on research area Hády. It was found, that with increasing age decrease the number of sprouts gradually. It was demonstrated, that sprouts are growing better, and achieves a higher dimensions in area without standarts. Competition effect was certified to height increment and diameter increment at the entire growth period.
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Denní a noční aktivita hlaváče černoústého a vranky obecné
POLÍVKA, Zdeněk
This Bachelor thesis is about comparison of the day and night activity of the round goby and the European bullhead under controlled conditions with shelter and positive stimuli (food) provided. 15 European bullheads and 15 round gobies were observed for this experiment - in three separated artificial systems with a simulated water flow. Each system consisted of storage tank, pumps and experimental channel. In the experimental channel (length 2 m, width 0.15 m, water depth max. 0.1 m) was possible to change the water flow up to 40 l per second and was equipped with a barrier to prevent fish to escape. The light regime was set for 12 hours of day light and 12 hours of dark. That was similar to natural ambient light regime in natural conditions during experimental work (from 22.5. to 8.6.2019). Fish were observed for 28 hours and obtained video-recordings were analysed by program EthoVision?XT and visually. Activity and spatial preferences of above-mentioned species were monitored. In accordance to our results we can conclude that there are not big differences between studied species. The main differences were stress induced behavioural fluctuations after deployment, reflected by different activity and environmental preferences. During the stress period, the round goby was more active than the European bullhead and spent a longer time in the escape zone. The next difference occurred with the stress after putting fish into the tanks. There was seen steady decline of activity in the round goby and the step-like decline of activity in the European bullhead after acclimatization period. Our results also confirmed preferences of the round goby rather for slow running water areas while in the European bullhead the opposite pattern i.e. prefer faster running water. Round Goby was more active outside of the shelter during the light acclimatization. Round goby moved more frequently with only slight decreases between light and dark acclimatization compared to European bullhead. There was not big difference in the food acquisition, which reflects that both species are able to cope with high water velocities exceeding 0.7 m. s-1. Our results also evidently provided information that fish need for behavioural stabilization relatively long acclimatization period.
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Food competition between waterbirds and fish
Bečvář, Viktor ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Musil, Petr (referee)
Food competition between waterbirds and fish can be a crucial factor in todays wetland ecosystems. In certain situations it can be decisive if a specific site is still suitable for waterbirds or not. Large aquatic invertebrats are often shared food resource. Situations where specific waterbirds and fish compete for this resource were described in many wetland habitats. Fish are often much more effective in acquiring food to the point when this relationship can be described as asymetrical competition. The level of competition can be also influenced by various envirometal factors or different attributes of waterbird and fish populations. The knowledge obtained by studing this relationship can be then used in management of protected areas and comercially used waterbodies.
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Plant-soil feedback and its interactions with other factors determining plant coexistence
Opravilová, Tereza ; Kuťáková, Eliška (advisor) ; Čuda, Jan (referee)
Plant-soil feedback has been a well-studied mechanism in recent years of the success of invasive plants, the shift of species in succession, and the structure of plant communities in general. It is a process during which the plant affects the soil with its growth and these changes are reflected in the growth of other plants. Despite the large number of previous studies, relatively little attention is paid to the interaction of plant-soil feedback with other factors, which I consider important for understanding its role in natural plant communities. The aim of the work was to clarify the influence of plant-soil feedback on model species Arrhenatherum elatius and Centaurea scabiosa and to compare its influence with other factors - interspecific competition and herbivory (simulated loss of aboveground biomass). The influence of factors was investigated using biomass and changes in plant physiology, specifically chlorophyll fluorescence and the content of elements in aboveground biomass. The plant-soil feedback mechanism of the model species was assessed using the content of elements in the soil after cultivation. In the biomass of the species Arrhenatherum elatius, the factors of plant-soil feedback and competition manifested themselves in mutual interaction, when the presence of a competitor changed...
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Factors associated with invasiveness in the genus Impatiens: interaction of species traits, competition and environment
Čuda, Jan ; Pyšek, Petr (advisor) ; Kollmann, Johannes (referee) ; Prach, Karel (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to identify factors that contribute to invasiveness of species in the genus Impatiens. This genus is horticulturally attractive and includes several species that are known to have naturalized outside their native ranges, while others did not escape, in spite of being frequently cultivated. When looking for traits associated with invasiveness, it is useful to focus on congeneric species. Their traits and dispersal modes are less influenced by phylogeny, than when comparing unrelated species or even complete floras. This helps to account for traits that favour invasive species over native ones and thus identify potential invaders more precisely. A superior invader performance is attributed to a competitive advantage over native species that can lead in extreme case to competitive exclusion of the latter. Invasive and native species com- pete only if their niches overlap and the strength of competition depends on niche similarity. Importantly, invasive species are considered to be able to maintain their high competitiveness over a wide range of environmental conditions, while native ones often have narrower environ- mental optima. Lastly, competitive outcome can vary over life stages and depends on the degree of species dominance, which is rarely taken into account. Spread and...
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Diversity and taxonomy of fungi inhabiting extremely acidic and saline soils of natural and anthropogenic origin in the Czech Republic
Hujslová, Martina ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee) ; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (referee)
Highly acidic environments represent some of the most extreme habitats for the microbial growth. For a long time it has been assumed that these sites are populated exclusively by prokaryotes. However recently, eukaryotic organisms including fungi have been found to be abundant and important component of acidophilic communities. Concerning fungal diversity only fragmentary data are available indicating that highly acidic sites harbour specific and low-diversified fungal communities dominated by dematiaceous fungi. In the present work we focused on the cultivable mycobiota occupying highly acidic (pH < 3) soils which are at the same time saline (sulfate-rich) and are located at geographically isolated localities in the Czech Republic. This study should provide a deep insight into the diversity and biogeographical pattern of acidophilic/tolerant fungi. A combination of classical and specialized cultivation techniques was successfully applied since it significantly contributed to the broadening of the detected fungal spectrum. The revealed fungal assemblages inhabiting highly acidic sites worldwide are closely similar and differ from the ones known from less acidic habitats. The core of the fungal assemblage under study consisted of phylogenetically unrelated and often globally distributed fungi...
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