|
|
Mikroelementy a imunitní systém
HODAN, Lukáš
The immune system is an example of the body's ability to maintain its homeostasis and adaptability to external and internal environments. Microelements are an essential part of the proper functioning of the immune system. Quarantine can be as harmful as an excess of individual elements. The presented bachelor thesis deals with the immune system, especially the influence of microelements on its proper function. The individual chapters describe cells, molecules, organs and abnormalities of improper development. A significant part is devoted to microelements, occurrence, absorption, transport, influence on the immune system, deficiency and toxicity and their consequences.
|
|
|
Mitochondrial transfer-mediated modulatory action of stem cells on immune cells
Somova, Veronika ; Krulová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Balounová, Jana (referee)
Stem cells use different mechanisms of intercellular communication to modulate an immune response. Mitochondrial transfer is one of the mechanisms which induce metabolic changes, support cell survival, and change the phenotype of immune cells. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism used for transfer of mitochondria between different cell populations and the faith of mitochondria inside the acceptor cell. This thesis aims to describe the mechanism of transfer and the provided modulation. Factors that could affect mitochondrial transfer including reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis and mitochondria function were analyzed. And the impact of mitochondrial transfer on cell survival and mitophagy was described. The next aim was to compare the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and Sertoli cells (SC) to transfer mitochondria, with MSC being more productive in the transfer of mitochondria than SC. Significant differences in the presence of mitochondria from donor MSC or SC in individual populations of immune cells were also detected. To explain these findings, the impact of reactive oxygen species on the transfer of mitochondria was analyzed in detail, although it wasn't confirmed. However, it needs to be highlighted that mitophagy plays an important role before and after...
|
|
|
Effect of physical exercise on adipose tissue characteristics: influence of obesity and aging
Čížková, Terezie ; Šiklová, Michaela (advisor) ; Horníková, Daniela (referee)
Obesity and ageing are associated with the changes in adipose tissue characteristics, which are con- sidered as one of important contributors to development of complications, such as cardiovascular diseases or type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise is known to be effective in prevention of diseases rela- ted to obesity and ageing. However, the effect of exercise on adipose tissue characteristics is only few elucidated in humans. The goal of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the main effects of exer- cise on adipose tissue characteristics. This thesis subsequently discuss detrimental changes (dysfunction) of the adipose tissue in obesity. Recent findings about the effects of some types of physical training on health of the elderly people are also mentioned. The initial chapter deals with adipose tissue in general, concretely the morphology, metabolism and endocrine function of the adipose tissue are described. Next part is focused on obesity, the concept of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state is introduced. The key section is the fourth chapter, in which the effects of exer- cise on adipose tissue, i.e. effects on metabolism of adipocytes and activation of immune cells, are reviewed. At the end of this thesis, the pathophysiological changes in inflammatory state and adi- pose tissue distribution associated...
|
|
|
Immune cells infiltrating premalignant lesions and invasive carcinomas associated with HPV infection
Dalewská, Natálie ; Tachezy, Ruth (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
The immune system participates in many defence mechanisms of the body which in- volve the action of different types of immune cells. Immune cells play an important role in tumour development and progression. They infiltrate tumours and contribute to the tumour microenvironment. They are also implicated in diseases associated with human papillomavi- rus infection. Human papillomaviruses are viruses with oncogenic potential which cause in- fection in a number of anatomical locations of the human body. Such infection can lead to benign lesions, pre-invasive lesions, and invasive tumours. Pre-invasive lesions often re- gress spontaneously, but at advanced stages of the disease, progression to malignancy can occur. The tendency to regress or progress varies depending on the HPV genotype involved in the lesion and the quantity, type, and location of infiltrating immune cells. The synergy of these factors influences the prognosis and treatment of the disease, and, therefore, deter- mining the immunological score as an important diagnostic parameter becomes of utmost relevance. The knowledge of the effect of immune cells on tumour cells is useful in immunotherapy, which is based on the activation of the patient's own anti-tumour immune mechanisms. Immunotherapy is used in combination with systemic therapy...
|
|
|
Role of uncoupling protein UCP2 in immune cells
Fikarová, Natálie ; Krulová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Bardová, Kristina (referee)
UCP2 is one of four discovered homologues of a well-known uncoupling protein UCP1 implicated in non-shivering thermogenesis. In contrast to UCP1, this particular homologue is ubiquitously expressed in many human tissues, where it performs a broader range of functions including uncoupling and specific transport of ions and metabolites. This work characterises UCP2, focusing on its activity in the cells of innate and adaptive immunity. To conclude, this work summarises the role of UCP2 in several diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and ulcerative colitis. Emphasis is put on the possible utilisation of this protein in the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases. Keywords: immune cells, uncoupling proteins, UCP2
|
|
|
Immune cells infiltrating premalignant lesions and invasive carcinomas associated with HPV infection
Dalewská, Natálie ; Tachezy, Ruth (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
The immune system participates in many defence mechanisms of the body which in- volve the action of different types of immune cells. Immune cells play an important role in tumour development and progression. They infiltrate tumours and contribute to the tumour microenvironment. They are also implicated in diseases associated with human papillomavi- rus infection. Human papillomaviruses are viruses with oncogenic potential which cause in- fection in a number of anatomical locations of the human body. Such infection can lead to benign lesions, pre-invasive lesions, and invasive tumours. Pre-invasive lesions often re- gress spontaneously, but at advanced stages of the disease, progression to malignancy can occur. The tendency to regress or progress varies depending on the HPV genotype involved in the lesion and the quantity, type, and location of infiltrating immune cells. The synergy of these factors influences the prognosis and treatment of the disease, and, therefore, deter- mining the immunological score as an important diagnostic parameter becomes of utmost relevance. The knowledge of the effect of immune cells on tumour cells is useful in immunotherapy, which is based on the activation of the patient's own anti-tumour immune mechanisms. Immunotherapy is used in combination with systemic therapy...
|
|
|
Effect of physical exercise on adipose tissue characteristics: influence of obesity and aging
Čížková, Terezie ; Šiklová, Michaela (advisor) ; Horníková, Daniela (referee)
Obesity and ageing are associated with the changes in adipose tissue characteristics, which are con- sidered as one of important contributors to development of complications, such as cardiovascular diseases or type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise is known to be effective in prevention of diseases rela- ted to obesity and ageing. However, the effect of exercise on adipose tissue characteristics is only few elucidated in humans. The goal of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the main effects of exer- cise on adipose tissue characteristics. This thesis subsequently discuss detrimental changes (dysfunction) of the adipose tissue in obesity. Recent findings about the effects of some types of physical training on health of the elderly people are also mentioned. The initial chapter deals with adipose tissue in general, concretely the morphology, metabolism and endocrine function of the adipose tissue are described. Next part is focused on obesity, the concept of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state is introduced. The key section is the fourth chapter, in which the effects of exer- cise on adipose tissue, i.e. effects on metabolism of adipocytes and activation of immune cells, are reviewed. At the end of this thesis, the pathophysiological changes in inflammatory state and adi- pose tissue distribution associated...
|
|
|
The function of palmitoylation of membrane proteins in immune cells
Hanusová, Zdeňka ; Otáhal, Pavel (advisor) ; Pavlů, Barbora (referee)
Protein palmitoylation is a post-translation modification, which typically regulates the protein interaction with a membrane; apart from that, it can have various functions in protein regulation. Process of this modification covers covalent attachment of palmitate to an aminoacid residue in the target protein; identity of the aminoacid than determines the palmitoylation type. Most common is modification of a cystein residue - in that case we speak about so-called S-palmitoiyation. The exceptionality of this lipid modification type is in the reversibility of the whole process; this enables for example trafficking regulation of many proteins between various membrane compartments and ragulation of proteins' function. In vivo, palmitoylation of many proteins is mediated by enzymes protein acyltransferases, while depalmitoylation is mediated by enzymes acylprotein thioesterases. Palmitoylated proteins can be identified in wide spectrum of cellular types, also in immune cells. Palmitoylation plays here an important role, especially in interaction of signal proteins with lipid rafts and the related modulation of protein's function. Significance has palmitoylation also as a dynamic process, which mediates the right identification of protein's subcellular localization. This work is a review and it's aim is...
|
|
|
Lymphoid organs of sheep
DOLEŽALOVÁ, Radka
Sheep are used as model animals for experimentation not only in many areas of livestock breeding but also in some fields of study within biomedicine. Immune system and changeability of its components is an indicator of resistance and a level of homeostatic mechanisms and adaptability as well. This bachelor's thesis deals with an immune system of sheep which is represented by lymphatic organs in particular. Cells, primarily and secondary lymphatic organs, their structure, localization and functions are described in separate chapters. Significant part of the thesis is devoted to lymphatic tissue associated with mucosa.
|
guest ::
