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Habitat colonization by neophyte Impatiens glandulifera and estimate of factors limiting its spread
Marková, Zuzana ; Hejda, Martin (advisor) ; Malíková, Lenka (referee)
Invasive spread of neophyte Impatiens glandulifera in central Europe started approximatelly eighty years ago. First records of dense cover stands come from belt stands in riparian habitats. The scale of invaded habitats and degree of the dominance of I. glandulifera is more diversified nowadays. This thesis is objected on the dominance and fertility of I. glandulifera within different habitat types and scale of invaded habitats in different parts of invaded range within Europe (i. e. in Czech Republic and Switzerland). The results show that the height and cover (substitutes for biomass and dominance) of this neophyte (i) correlates with the character of invaded vegetation (ii) relates to the degree of hemeroby (a measure of human impact) negativelly, and (iii), of course, both the growth and dominance are positively affected by nutrient content. Fertility does not differ among the types of invaded habitats, but goes up with the height of I. glandulifera and decreases with its cover. Invaded habitats comprises ruderal and riparian vegetation, but also wet maedows, forest clearances, beach and slope forests or weed vegetation.
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The influence of oxidative stress on mammalian sperm quality and fertilization ability.
Dudková, Barbora ; Komrsková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Svoboda, Petr (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals with the oxidative stress and its influence on structures and physiologic functions of mammalian sperm. Oxidative stress is a consequence of imbalance between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants in the body. It is associated with impaired quality of sperm and it is considered to be one of the major reasons of male infertility, including humans. This work is presented as a research review targeting how and where reactive oxygen species are generated in the male reproductive tract. It summarizes specific structures and physiologic functions that are influenced by reactive oxygen species either positively or negatively and it also covers a protective role of antioxidants in seminal fluid.
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Work-family balance as a problem of social policy
Duškov, Ivan ; Potůček, Martin (advisor) ; Kotrusová, Miriam (referee)
The submitted text represents updated and extended version of my MA thesis "Work-Family balance: Solving Dilemma". The main objective of this paper is to present the results of empirical research and analyses of causes and consequences which affect and disturb straight-through connection between work (e.g. paid job) and family responsibilities (especially childcare). In the theoretical part of this paper was used a theory of the welfare state, the equal opportunity theory (especially between men and women) and the concept of human potential. Culture and gender stereotypes are probably the most considerable causes of difficult reconciling work and family duties. Some of the EU member states altogether with the Czech Republic are still keeping so-called breadwinner model, which maintain traditional status between women and men in the society. According to this model women are mainly responsible for childbearing, childcare and household keeping while men should care about economical aspect of family life. An analysis has shown close-knit connection between type of welfare state, welfare state policies and relevant implications on the field of work-family balance and quality of life. Liberal, Traditional and Latin type of welfare state are characterized by low rate of women employment, gender inequality, low...
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The State Support for Families in the Social Protection System - the Comparison of the Current Situation in the Czech and Slovak Republics
Pfeferová, Dita ; Čabanová, Bohumila (advisor) ; Dobiášová, Karolína (referee)
English Summary: The thesis "The State Support for Families in the Social Protection System - the Comparison of the Current Situation in the Czech and Slovak Republics" focuses on the comparison of the current direct financial aid to families with young children. The attention was paid to the social situations associated with pregnancy, motherhood and parenting, as the birth of a child means economic and social consequences for most families, especially the increased financial costs connected with education and child care and parenting and the negative impact of motherhood on employment of the women with young children. The theoretical part defines the principles, objectives and models of family policies and their ability to deal with social events of the families with children. In the following part the quick analysis of the participants was carried out in order to assess their attitudes and interests as for the family policy. The basic objectives and principles of the family policy in both reference countries are articulated explicitly in the national family policy concepts and are focused on the socio-economic situation of the families and on the reconciliation of family and working obligations. As well as the attention of political parties devoted to the family policy focuses in particular on the...
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The Economic Crisis of Newborns
Matějček, Štěpán ; Janíčko, Martin (advisor) ; Koubek, Ivo (referee)
The thesis examines the determinants of decision making of child conception. The estimation of fixed effect model of panel data from 14 districts of the Czech Republic shows pro-cyclical development of the count of born children. According to the model, in the economic recession the demand for children declines, because the decision making is influenced by uncertainty that emerges from the labor market instability. The results are in consent with contemporary scientific literature which have shown the pro-cyclical development of fertility in developed countries since the 1980s. The model's dependent variable is the modified birth rate which allows to examine the impact of change in unemployment and other control variables on the decision making of child conception. The empirical results show that economic insecurity in the shape of unemployment have a significant negative impact on birth rate. Apart from the main outcome the paper presents other interesting results, the impact of changes in economic and demographic variables on the modified birth rate of boys and girls, marital status and education of mother and father.
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Stává se čínská politika jednoho dítěte zbytečnou?
Cestr, Ondřej ; Vozárová, Pavla (advisor) ; Špecián, Petr (referee)
Contemporary China is facing the threat of rapidly aging population. Increasing portion of the economically inactive part of the population is already putting a significant strain on the Chinese pension system. Health care and social security system are still underdeveloped and also unprepared for this trend. As an attempt to reduce this issue by revitalizing the low birth rate, Chinese one-child policy underwent a significant relaxation in 2007. The expected acceleration of the birth rate however did not occur. Using the panel data from 31 regions of China between the period 2001 and 2013, I have analyzed this issue. My thesis provides the evidence, that one-child policy is not the exclusive culprit behind the continued trend of below-replacement fertility levels. Socioeconomic environment in China underwent a rapid transformation during the past 37 years. One of the socioeconomic factors newly affecting the Chinese birth rate level is the wealth. This is manifested by the inverse relationship between the wealth and fertility and it is known as the demographic-economic paradox. This thesis proves the presence of this phenomenon across the regions of China. It also demonstrates that it could have at least partly counterweighted the effect, which one-child policy easing had on birth rate in 2007. Since the one-child policy has lost significant part of its normative power to other factors affecting the birth rate, I am arguing it is the sign, that one-child policy is slowly becoming redundant on its own.
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Are more children being born during economic recessions? The example of the United States of America
Mihalko, Jan ; Stroukal, Dominik (advisor) ; Kovanda, Lukáš (referee)
The thesis focuses on the issue of individuals' preferences regarding the acquisition of a child during the business cycle expressed in unemployment rates for men and women. Fixed effects model involving robust estimates of standard deviations on a panel dataset tested for the period 1980-2012 confirmed the significance of the relationship between sex-specific unemployment rates and fertility rate of the United States of America. The results of the analysis show a negative relationship documenting pro-cyclical nature of the fertility. There is a less willingness of couples to conceive a child with the growth in unemployment. It does not show the prevalence of substitution effect of reducing opprtunity costs for women during the recession over the effect of reduction in income. Among other statistically significant variables that affect fertility belong the degree of attainment of university education, the poverty rate and abortion rate.
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Effect of food on fertility in assassin bug \kur{Platymeris biguttatus}
ZVONEK, Dalibor
This thesis was developed in order to determine whether the selected species most commonly kept feeding insects affect fertility in captive bred assassin bugs \kur{Platymeris biguttatus}. Used feeding insects were \kur{Blaptica dubia} roaches, \kur{Acheta domestica} crickets and larvae of \kur{Tenebrio molitor} bugs. The reason of using assassin bugs \kur{Platymeris biguttatus} was their popularity among breeders, their easy care needs and their superior fertility. Assassin bugs were kept in an air conditioned room with a constant temperature conditions and light regime. It has been shown that the given diet has no effect on fertility in this kind of bugs, also that breeding in groups has negative impact on fertility of this assassin bugs species. The results of this study could demonstrate the importance of proper feeding in keeping these bugs and help breeders to have better results.
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Stories of mothers with more children in the context of current population trends
VALEŠOVÁ, Jana
This thesis deals with birth rates from the perspective of women with more children. The first part of the work presents the reasons for a decline in birth rates. In the second part we are examining which groups in the current population do not follow these trends. Subsequently an interview was conducted with eight female believers who each have four or more children. Women were asked how many children did they plan to have and which factors had influenced the number of children they actually have. Additionally, the woman were asked how the reasons that influenced the majority of the population in having a lower number of children affected them. From the interviews, four basic factors have arisen that played a role in the fact that these eight mothers have thirty-five children in total. These factors are: the life circumstances of these woman, their faith in God, their values and the possibility of self-realization. The following ethical chapter reflects on two of these factors.
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