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Biosystematic study of the Carlina vulgaris complex in Central Europe based on molecular and morphometric approaches
Mašková, Hana ; Kaplan, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Krak, Karol (referee)
The Carlina vulgaris complex in central Europe includes several lineages defined by their ecology, morphology and distribution. This diploma thesis is focused on relationships between the taxa recognized in the Czech Republic, namely Carlina vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, C. biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii, C. biebersteinii subsp. brevibracteata and C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica. Molecular analysis revealed two genetically defined groups. One includes samples from relict populations in western Bohemia and from high mountains classified as C. biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii and C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica. The other is represented by plants classified as C. vulgaris and C. biebersteinii subsp. brevibracteata. This genetic differentiation was also confirmed by morphometric analysis. However, relationships within these two groups remain unclear. The Czech populations of Carlina biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii as well as of C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica are closely related to the mountain populations in the Alps and Carpathians. Their occurrence in the Czech Republic is relict and they should be in focus of nature conservation. However, the separate taxonomic position of the claimed endemic C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica is probably unjustified.
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Conservation aspects of endemism in Central Europe with special respect to genus Sorbus
Tesařová, Anna ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
Endemit is an organism living exclusively within a particular area on Earth. There are several mutually interconnected mechanisms leading to endemism i.e. allopathic speciation, polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis. This thesis deals with describing particular modes of endemic speciation and their occurrence. The most significant concept is certainly discrimination of paleoendemites and neoendemites. Paleoendemites are very rare and within Central Europe occur scarcerly only in Western Carpathians. Neoendemites are hardly comparable among Central European states. The concentration of endemics is closely related to the global centers of diversity that are distributed in highly unbalanced way. The genus Sorbus is essential group with regard to endemism in Central Europe. That is why the experimental part of my thesis was focused on flowcytometric analyses (absolute genome size and DNA ploidy level) of 13 endemic Sorbus species. Triploidy was proved to be prevailing ploidy level. Among triploid samples 6% of variation was recorded. The absolute genome size of the remaining endemic taxa indicated tetraploid level.
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Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Czech endemic taxa from the genus Dianthus
Kalůsková, Jana ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Abstract This MSc. thesis deals with karyological, genetic and phenotypic variation of selected taxa from the genus Dianthus L. in the Czech Republic and adjacent countries. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by several microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication, and edaphic speciation. These processes led to the origin of a number of phenotypically similar taxa, which are often restricted to a narrow geographic area. One subendemic and three endemic taxa occur in the Czech Republic. These (sub)species were used as model groups to gain insight into microevolutionary processes in small populations and the postglacial development of the genus in Central Europe. The thesis consists of three parts, each addressing different evolutionary phenomenon: Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus is a critically endangered endemic psammophyte currently known from a single population in Central Bohemia. The site is also inhabited by widespread D. carthusianorum. Interspecific hybridization has been suspected on the basis of morphological characters, but this has never been confirmed by any other technique. I exploited differences in the number of chromosomes between both species and, with the aid of DAPI flow cytometry, estimated relative DNA contents of...
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Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Czech endemic taxa from the genus Dianthus
Vítová, Jana
This MSc. thesis deals with karyological, genetic and phenotypic variation of selected taxa from the genus Dianthus L. in the Czech Republic and adjacent countries. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by several microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication, and edaphic speciation. These processes led to the origin of a number of phenotypically similar taxa, which are often restricted to a narrow geographic area. One subendemic and three endemic taxa occur in the Czech Republic. These (sub)species were used as model groups to gain insight into microevolutionary processes in small populations and the postglacial development of the genus in Central Europe. The thesis consists of three parts, each addressing different evolutionary phenomenon: Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus is a critically endangered endemic psammophyte currently known from a single population in Central Bohemia. The site is also inhabited by widespread D. carthusianorum. Interspecific hybridization has been suspected on the basis of morphological characters, but this has never been confirmed by any other technique. I exploited differences in the number of chromosomes between both species and, with the aid of DAPI flow cytometry, estimated relative DNA contents of most...
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Ecology and behaviour of an enigmatic fossorial rodent, the giant root-rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), endemic to the Afroalpine habitat in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia
VLASATÁ, Tereza
The research in this thesis concerns with the ecology and behaviour of an endangered fossorial rodent, the giant root-rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), in the Afroalpine ecosystem of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, and the results are discussed in relation with available ecological data on other fossorial/subterranean rodents. Firstly, this theses is focused on investigating the ecological role of the giant root-rat. The evaluation of root-rat's impact on various ecosystem features, in the first study, highly contributed to the knowledge not only about the species itself but also about the functioning of the ecosystem it inhabits. In fact, the results of the study indicated that the giant root-rat acts as an ecosystem engineer in the Afroalpine grasslands. Secondly, this thesis involves a pilot radio-telemetry study on the giant root-rat focusing on its temporal and spatial activity. Specifically, the results of the second study brought new light to giant root-rats' daily activity, its pattern, amount and seasonal change demonstrating the difference in activity patterns between strictly subterranean rodents and subterranean rodents with aboveground habits such as the giant root-rat. In the third study, we described the space-use patterns of the giant root-rat and revealed several trends in its spatial behaviour that can serve as a strategy to cope with the harsh and changeable environmental conditions in the Afroalpine ecosystem.
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Conservation aspects of endemism in Central Europe with special respect to genus Sorbus
Tesařová, Anna ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
Endemit is an organism living exclusively within a particular area on Earth. There are several mutually interconnected mechanisms leading to endemism i.e. allopathic speciation, polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis. This thesis deals with describing particular modes of endemic speciation and their occurrence. The most significant concept is certainly discrimination of paleoendemites and neoendemites. Paleoendemites are very rare and within Central Europe occur scarcerly only in Western Carpathians. Neoendemites are hardly comparable among Central European states. The concentration of endemics is closely related to the global centers of diversity that are distributed in highly unbalanced way. The genus Sorbus is essential group with regard to endemism in Central Europe. That is why the experimental part of my thesis was focused on flowcytometric analyses (absolute genome size and DNA ploidy level) of 13 endemic Sorbus species. Triploidy was proved to be prevailing ploidy level. Among triploid samples 6% of variation was recorded. The absolute genome size of the remaining endemic taxa indicated tetraploid level.
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Biosystematic study of the Carlina vulgaris complex in Central Europe based on molecular and morphometric approaches
Mašková, Hana ; Kaplan, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Krak, Karol (referee)
The Carlina vulgaris complex in central Europe includes several lineages defined by their ecology, morphology and distribution. This diploma thesis is focused on relationships between the taxa recognized in the Czech Republic, namely Carlina vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, C. biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii, C. biebersteinii subsp. brevibracteata and C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica. Molecular analysis revealed two genetically defined groups. One includes samples from relict populations in western Bohemia and from high mountains classified as C. biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii and C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica. The other is represented by plants classified as C. vulgaris and C. biebersteinii subsp. brevibracteata. This genetic differentiation was also confirmed by morphometric analysis. However, relationships within these two groups remain unclear. The Czech populations of Carlina biebersteinii subsp. biebersteinii as well as of C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica are closely related to the mountain populations in the Alps and Carpathians. Their occurrence in the Czech Republic is relict and they should be in focus of nature conservation. However, the separate taxonomic position of the claimed endemic C. biebersteinii subsp. sudetica is probably unjustified.
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Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Czech endemic taxa from the genus Dianthus
Vítová, Jana
This MSc. thesis deals with karyological, genetic and phenotypic variation of selected taxa from the genus Dianthus L. in the Czech Republic and adjacent countries. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by several microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication, and edaphic speciation. These processes led to the origin of a number of phenotypically similar taxa, which are often restricted to a narrow geographic area. One subendemic and three endemic taxa occur in the Czech Republic. These (sub)species were used as model groups to gain insight into microevolutionary processes in small populations and the postglacial development of the genus in Central Europe. The thesis consists of three parts, each addressing different evolutionary phenomenon: Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus is a critically endangered endemic psammophyte currently known from a single population in Central Bohemia. The site is also inhabited by widespread D. carthusianorum. Interspecific hybridization has been suspected on the basis of morphological characters, but this has never been confirmed by any other technique. I exploited differences in the number of chromosomes between both species and, with the aid of DAPI flow cytometry, estimated relative DNA contents of most...
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Biogeography of arachnofauna of the Alps
Šilhavá, Alena ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Řezáč, Milan (referee)
This bachelor thesis gives a summarizing overview of the biogeography of arachnofauna of the Alps. It covers five orders of arachnids residing in the Alps, namely scorpions (Scorpiones), pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones), palpigrades (Palpigradi), harvestmen (Opiliones) and spiders (Araneae). The work is focused on the distribution of endemic and subendemic species of these orders of arachnids and on factors that can influence their distribution and total diversity in the Alps. It turns out that temperature and humidity are important factors. Pseudoscorpions occur more frequently in warmer areas at lower altitudes, while especially scorpions of the genus Euscorpius (Alpiscorpius) and harvestmen are more tolerant to areas with a lower temperature, while harvestmen especially require sufficient humidity. For spiders in the mountains of the Alps total species richness and density decreases mainly from open land to the forest. Total diversity in the Alps has also been influenced by temperature oscillations during the Quaternary climatic changes and different positions and types of refugia. This is apparent at the species closely related to soil environment, such as palpigrades or cave pseudoscorpions of the family Syarinidae. Key words: biogeography, the Alps, endemic, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones,...
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Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Czech endemic taxa from the genus Dianthus
Kalůsková, Jana ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Abstract This MSc. thesis deals with karyological, genetic and phenotypic variation of selected taxa from the genus Dianthus L. in the Czech Republic and adjacent countries. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by several microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication, and edaphic speciation. These processes led to the origin of a number of phenotypically similar taxa, which are often restricted to a narrow geographic area. One subendemic and three endemic taxa occur in the Czech Republic. These (sub)species were used as model groups to gain insight into microevolutionary processes in small populations and the postglacial development of the genus in Central Europe. The thesis consists of three parts, each addressing different evolutionary phenomenon: Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus is a critically endangered endemic psammophyte currently known from a single population in Central Bohemia. The site is also inhabited by widespread D. carthusianorum. Interspecific hybridization has been suspected on the basis of morphological characters, but this has never been confirmed by any other technique. I exploited differences in the number of chromosomes between both species and, with the aid of DAPI flow cytometry, estimated relative DNA contents of...
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