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Chronic constipation in the elderly as a nursing problem
BRÁVKOVÁ, Sabina
The aim of the bachelor's thesis titled "Chronic Constipation in the Elderly as a Nursing Problem" was to explore the methods chosen by patients with chronic constipation for bowel evacuation and where they seek information regarding prevention and treatment of chronic constipation. Additionally, the study investigated who educates patients in this regard. The research objectives were achieved through formulated research questions and semi-structured interviews. In the theoretical part of the bachelor's thesis, we focused on describing constipation, its classification, causes, risk factors, and common symptoms. I also discussed proper diagnosis of chronic constipation and the selection of suitable therapies, which can be either non-pharmacological or pharmacological. Currently, alternative approaches for treating and preventing chronic constipation are well-known. The final section of the thesis is dedicated to geriatrics and gerontology. The practical part of the bachelor's thesis involved qualitative research investigations and interviews with nine clients. The interviews were transcribed, and data has been categorised. The research investigation provided information into methods for preventing and treating chronic constipation. Notably, there were contributions in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Clients often employ their own alternative methods to aid with bowel evacuation. The research concludes that clients lack sufficient information, and they struggle to find reliable sources. Furthermore, there is a shortage of healthcare professionals who can adequately educate them. Based on the results of the bachelor thesis, a leaflet for patients suffering from chronic constipation was created.
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Anorectal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
Motlová, Alžběta ; Kövári, Martina (advisor) ; Bitnar, Petr (referee)
This thesis is interested in summary of anorectal dysfunction in patients with sclerosis multiplex. This thesis is divided into 2 parts. The objective of the first part is a description of the anorectal dysfuntions. It also includes epidemiological data, dividing, investigating algorithms and possibilities of therapy. The second part is consisting of the case report of pacient with fecal incontinence who underwent the physiotherapy. Her medical history, individual therapy according to kinesiological analysis, evaluation by rectoanal manometry and subjective questionnaire are widely described within. Therapy is assessed by standardised questionnaire Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale and St. Marks Continence Scale. The anorectal manometry evaluates the function of anal sphincters while at rest, during a voluntary contraction and also subcribes sensitivity of rectum. The subjective questionnaires reflect the psychosocial aspects and patient's quality of life. The analysis of fuction and kinesiological analysis were performed before and after physiotherapy and then after 3 months of hometherapy.
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Fiber intake in developed countries and possibilities for its increase in population
Ježková, Kristýna ; Pejšová, Hana (advisor) ; Křížová, Jarmila (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with fiber intake and possibilities of its increase. The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the actual intake of fiber in the population and to find out whether people actually know what fiber is and what should be its daily intake. The theoretical part is focused on fiber itself. It describes its characteristics, distribution, properties and sources. The effect of fiber on human health and the consequences of insufficient or excessive fiber intake are discussed as well. The practical part is focused on the real intake of fiber in the population. It is done in the form of a questionnaire survey, in which I try to find out what knowledge of fiber people have, but also how often they consume foods containing fiber. Most of the questionnaires were handed out to customers of one unnamed pharmacy and healthy nutrition center in Prague and other passers-by. Altogether, I managed to collect 84 questionnaires. The questionnaire results show that vast majority of respondents have an idea of what fiber is and which foods contain it most; however, they do not know what the recommended daily intake is. Still, half of the respondents think their diet includes enough fiber. The fiber intake in men and women was not much different. The most significant difference was in the...
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Anorectal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
Motlová, Alžběta ; Kövári, Martina (advisor) ; Bitnar, Petr (referee)
This thesis is interested in summary of anorectal dysfunction in patients with sclerosis multiplex. This thesis is divided into 2 parts. The objective of the first part is a description of the anorectal dysfuntions. It also includes epidemiological data, dividing, investigating algorithms and possibilities of therapy. The second part is consisting of the case report of pacient with fecal incontinence who underwent the physiotherapy. Her medical history, individual therapy according to kinesiological analysis, evaluation by rectoanal manometry and subjective questionnaire are widely described within. Therapy is assessed by standardised questionnaire Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale and St. Marks Continence Scale. The anorectal manometry evaluates the function of anal sphincters while at rest, during a voluntary contraction and also subcribes sensitivity of rectum. The subjective questionnaires reflect the psychosocial aspects and patient's quality of life. The analysis of fuction and kinesiological analysis were performed before and after physiotherapy and then after 3 months of hometherapy.
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Obstetric interventions and pelvic floor disorders
Rušavý, Zdeněk ; Kališ, Vladimír (advisor) ; Roztočil, Aleš (referee) ; Mašata, Jaromír (referee)
Obstetric interventions and pelvic floor disorders - Abstract One of the principal objectives of obstetric interventions in the second stage of labor is prevention of pelvic floor trauma and associated pelvic floor disorders. The most commonly used and also most frequently discussed interventions are manual perineal protection and episiotomy. The majority of pelvic floor disorders are of subjective nature. Therefore, tools for objectification and severity quantification of these disorders are the key to reliable comparison and identification of the most effective interventions. The aim of the dissertation was to find the most effective modification of manual perineal protection, to compare two frequently used types of episiotomy regarding all pelvic floor disorders and finally to find a consensus on the most suitable instrument for anal incontinence severity assessment. Our studies concerning manual perineal protection experimentally described the direction and extent of perineal deformation during vaginal delivery. The subsequent studies on biomechanical model demonstrated that the most effective method of manual perineal protection in peak perineal strain reduction is when the fingers are placed on the perineum 6 cm laterally and 2 cm ventrally from the posterior commissure at both sides and are...
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Fiber and its consumption on a hospital bed
KŘÍŽKOVÁ, Ivana
The theme of the bachelor thesis is Fiber and its consumption on a hospital bed. Dietary fiber is defined as a carbohydrate food ingredient that cannot be transformed by one´s own enzymes. Fiber was originally considered a ballast food component. Gradually, it was found that it is a part of food fermented by colonic bacteria. Fiber is substrate for these bacteria and they transform it into substances intended for human organism. Fiber can be divided into soluble and insoluble. Both types are essential for human nutrition. A recommended fiber intake for an adult is 30 g per day. In the practical part of the bachelor thesis, was used qualitative research method. The research sample consisted of hospital two-weeks menus. One diet was applied in the hospital facility in the Central Bohemian region and one in the South Bohemian region. Using a computer program "Nutriservis Professional" I calculated the fiber content in the individual meals. The findings were compared with the recommended daily intake published in the book called Referenční hodnoty pro příjem živin and S výživou po celý rok. I also calculated energy value, amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates of the menus. The results were compared with the recommended values. As a research I interviewed the nutritional therapists in the hospital facilities about the patient´s diet and possible solutions to health problems caused by a lack of fiber. The interviews consisted of eight open questions focused on the fiber consumption, denying of foods containing fiber. The results of calculation previewed the menu at the first hospital facility that fiber deficiency occurs primarily in a liquid diet, while for rational diet, diabetic diet and for infants and older children the fiber content is sufficient. The menu of the other hospital contains insufficient amount of fiber, especially for diabetic diet or geriatic diet reducing fat. On the other hand, diabetic diet contains a plenty of fiber. The interviews that were supposed to find out how nutritional therapists approch the fiber issues in diets brought similar responses. The hospital in the Central Bohemian region include into the diet especially fruit, vegetable, whole grain products and legumes. Older patients ages constipation suffering from bowel obstuction, intestinal disease and flatulence frequently refuse fiber, especially legumes. If a patient has health problems caused be the lack of fiber nutritional therapists usually solve this problem by education and inclusion of fruit, vegetable and whole meal bread into the patient's diet. The hospital in the South Bohemian region frequently include into the diet potatoes, rice, fruit, legumes, vegetable and whole grain breads. Fiber is often rejected by older people and people suffering from diarrheal diseases. Health problems resulting from the lack of fiber are often solved by recommending by foods containing fiber or the nutritional supplements such as NutriFibre.
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The effect of abdominal massage on constipation in the elderly long term bedridden
TRSKOVÁ, Miroslava
This thesis deals with problems of constipation for long-term bedridden seniors. The aim of this study was to explore the possibilities of influencing constipation by abdominal massage with long-term bedridden and determine if it will have effect on the amount used laxatives for these seniors. In theoretical part of the thesis is briefly described the anatomy and physiology of the colon and small intestine, anatomy of abdominal press, disciplines related to the seniors, constipation and tests to check HSSP according to Kolář, tests shortened muscles on DKK according to Janda, tests on the weakened abdominal muscles and on DKK according to Janda, breathing stereotype according to Kolář and test position on four according to Kolář. The last chapter is about the massage. To realize the objectives was used qualitative research, which was prepared in the form of case reports. Were studied 4 long-term bedridden seniors - men who suffer constipation. Patients were taken a medical history, was carried out input and output kinesiology analysis. The effect of treatment was evaluated using the so called defecation calendars, in which patients recorded use of laxatives and stool on the relevant date of the month. This calendar respondents received a month before starting therapy, in order to compare stool frequency and amount of laxatives. Therapy was carried out 3 times a week for about 20 minutes for 10 weeks, each proband completed 30 therapies. Therapy was performed at home of probands where they felt comfortable and safe. During the research I tried to find out if abdominal massage will affect constipation at long-term bedridden seniors and that is thanks to it can be used to reduce the amount of laxatives. From the research can be observed positive effects of therapy for all respondents. Probands did not feel only physical relief but also psychological. Use of abdominal massage has managed to reduce the amount of laxatives in all probands. This thesis can be used by physiotherapists or nursing staff, especially in retirement home, departments of aftercare or as autotherapy, not only for long-term bedridden seniors.
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