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Prevention of the Colorectal cancer through the view of the public in the Pilsen region
KOTÁBOVÁ, Anna
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of public awareness of the colorectal cancer and its prevention. The aim of this work is to map the lay public knowledge of the colorectal cancer prevention in the Pilsen region. The theoretical part deals with the anatomy and physiology of the large intestine and the disease itself. It's focused on the symptoms of cancer and on the examination methods and treatment options. Big emphasis is put on prevention projects, because with the colorectal cancer prevention is absolutely essential. The research part was done through the qualitative research method via semi-structured interviews. The respondents were randomly selected with the help of the snowball method (so called Snowball Sampling). The interviews were performed via questions prepared in advance. The research set was composed of twenty respondents from the Pilsen region. The interviews were recorded and then manually transcribed on paper. It emerged from the collected information that most of the respondents know the causes, symptoms and risk factors related to the cause of the colorectal cancer. Nonetheless our respondents still underestimate primary prevention in large measure. The responses show that the respondents would be willing to change their lifestyle only if somebody close to them got ill. It is shown that the respondents older than 50 years have additional information about the prevention of the colorectal cancer. The gender of the respondents plays an important role in deciding whether to make use of the screening examination and undergo the occult bleeding test. Based on the research, women accept preventative measures more than men. All of the respondents give the prevention great importance. The research shows the need to inform and motivate the patients to primary and secondary prevention. The result of this work is creating a proposal for a card, which could be used in a short intervention about the prevention of the colorectal cancer.
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Histological examination of the colon
FEJKOVÁ, Karolína
This bachelor´s thesis deals with histological examination of the colon, namely the laboratory diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is a highly relevant issue today not only in the Czech Republic, not least because of its continually growing incidence worldwide. Laboratory analysis of this disease is not only important from the aspect of diagnosis per se. Determining the type and invasive stage of the disease is also crucial for the therapeutic strategy in a given patient. Immunohistochemistry testing of the colon also aids in the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome, a hereditary disease with a high risk of colorectal cancer. The first part of the thesis is theoretical and aims to introduce not only the subject of colorectal cancer but also the anatomical, histological and pathological features of the colon. This section also describes the methods used to obtain tissue samples from the colon and to process these in a histopathology laboratory. This information regarding the histopathological processing of colon tissue is then applied and described in detail in the methodology section of the thesis. This describes the process of routine staining methods such as haematoxylin-eosin and Alcian Blue. It also details the manually performed immunohistochemical methods and related reagents, including the use of antibodies. The next section presents a statistical analysis of a sample of patients with colorectal cancer treated at the Jihlava Hospital between 2018 and 2019. These data confirm the generally accepted fact that there is a higher incidence of colorectal cancer in men and that this cancer predominantly affects patients aged between 60 to 70 years. Furthermore, this work shows that defects in the MMR proteins associated with Lynch syndrome are not detected in even one half of the patients tested.
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Influence of tumor microenvironment, cellular and humoral immunity on cancer pathogenesis.
Špaček, Jan ; Závadová, Eva (advisor) ; Petráková, Katarína (referee) ; Kopečková, Kateřina (referee)
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the Czech Republic. Breast cancer and colorectal cancer have relatively high mortality rate. One of the areas of current clinical research in oncology is the study of prognostic biomarkers, which aims to optimize the decision-making process for a patient. Immune response and processes in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to influence to a large extent the biological nature of the tumor in terms of its aggressiveness and ability to metastasize in the host's body. There are certain tumors that could induce a strong immune response, while others do not. The ability to induce an anti-tumor cell response and to attract specific lymphocyte subpopulations directly into tumor tissue has been shown to be very closely related to the prognosis of cancer patients. There is evidence and correlation of the presence of so-called tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor tissue and overall patient survival. Stratification of cancer patients based on immuno-predictors both in the plasma and directly in the tumor microenvironment makes it possible to identify suitable candidates for rediscovered modern anti-tumor immunotherapy, which can already be considered a standard therapeutic modality. In our projects, we focused on the identification of biomarkers that...
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Epidemiology of sporadic forms of colorectal cancer in terms of preventions and the possibility of early diagnostic.
Schneiderová, Michaela ; Bencko, Vladimír (advisor) ; Krška, Zdeněk (referee) ; Hudečková, Henrieta (referee)
Thanks to the latest achievements in diagnostics, surgery and oncology, the overall perspective of colorectal cancer has changed significantly. There are no doubts that we deal with a complex disease, requiring multidisciplinary approach and assessment. Only this approach can enable patients to survive longer and maintain acceptable quality of there lives. Taking a long view over several decades, the steep rise in incidence of this malignancy was strongly alarming. It is partly a penalty for a prolongation of life expectance, since one of the risk factors is age. Knowing the way of life and dietary customs of our ancestors, one cannot deny that the change of lifestyle including dietary habits, as well as decrease of physical activity, obesity, stress, unsuitable thermal processing of food produced in bulk, consumption of immoderate amount of red meat, limited intake of raw vegetable and fruits, excessive intake of xenobiotics, such as medication or cosmetic products, excessive alcohol consumption, particularly beer, nicotinism, environmental pollutants, etc. contribute to the increase of this cancer incidence. All the above mentioned factors have led over the time to a formation and development of numerous so called civilization diseases, among which rates the colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the...
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Genetic variability in sporadic colorectal cancer: Searching for novel risk, prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
Jirásková, Kateřina ; Vodička, Pavel (advisor) ; Machoň, Ondřej (referee) ; Eckschlager, Tomáš (referee)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem worldwide. Despite improvements in the diagnostic process and advancement in the treatment methods, the prognosis remains poor. To improve survival rates, it is important to identify people with the predisposition for CRC and to detect the potentially curable early stage of the disease. Furthermore, identifying those who would have an adverse clinical outcome associated with a particular chemotherapy would help to avoid redundant chemotherapy burden in patients and contribute to enhanced therapeutic efficacy, while minimizing treatment-related toxicity. The aim of the Thesis was to search for novel promising diagnostic, prognostic and predictive DNA-based biomarkers of sporadic form of CRC. As each patient is genetically unique, these biomarkers would aid clinicians in better diagnosis and/or in the selection of an optimal type of therapy for an individual CRC patient based on their molecular profile. In order to explore this issue, we investigated several candidate genes in healthy individuals as well as in newly diagnosed cancer patients. The major outcomes of this PhD study, which were fully reported in seven publications included in the present Thesis, are 1) The observation of several candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA...
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Effect of colorectal cancer screening programs on lethality and incidence from this disease in the Czech Republic modeled by an APC approach
Čady, Ondřej ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
This work will first introduce the problems related to the colorectal cancer - its epidemiology and screening possibilities. Next the main topic is addressed - i.e. to ascertain the influence of national screening programmes for colorectal cancer on really observed data of lethality and incidence of this disease. Group of so-called APC models was selected as a useful tool for this purpose. Applying these methods on data of The National Oncological Registry of the Czech Republic for the period between 1980 till 2009 this work aims to prove expected reducing effect of area-wide screening programme on incidence and lethality related to colorectal cancer. Using the AP model and data of previous period before the screening introduction (i.e. 1980-1999) the values of incidence and lethality were predicted for the period in question (i.e. 2000-2009). Mere comparison of this predicted values with really observed data showed that real lethality and incidence was significantly lower in both sexes as compared to the model without the screening intervention. Difference between predicted and real data corroborates positive influence of colorectal cancer screening.
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Diagnostic and prognostic impact of miR-122 and miR-142 in colorectal cancer
Kalkušová, Kateřina ; Červená, Klára (advisor) ; Král, Jan (referee)
Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancers and it is also one of the most common causes of cancer related death. It is often diagnosed at a late stage which is associated with a worse prognosis. Therefore, there is an effort to identify new biomarkers that allow earlier diagnosis. These biomarkers could predict prognosis of disease and patient's response to treatment. Short noncoding RNAs - microRNA - appears to be promising candidates, these molecules are involved in many cellular processes through RNA interference. The aim of this thesis is to summarize knowledge about application of miR-122 and miR-142 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Keywords: microRNA, biomarkers, colorectal cancer, diagnostics, prognosis
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Cell Surface Markers in Colorectal Cancer
Červená, Klára ; Španielová, Hana (advisor) ; Plocek, Vítězslav (referee)
Colorectal cancer is the most frequent cancer in the Czech Republic. Retrospective analysis of patients with colorectal cancer have led and still lead to the discovery of new biomarkers that may be important in treatment, prediction or prognosis of cancer. The main aim of this thesis was to desribe discovered cell surface proteins (biomarkers) of colorectal cancer, that correlate with colorectal cancer progression, metastasis and patient outcome, and discusses the possibilities of their utilization as cancer cell targets for theranostic purposes. Keywords: colorectal cancer, biomarkers, targeting, theranostics, prediction, prognosis
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Histological methods used in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Kowaliková, Šárka ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Josková, Věra (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on tumor diseases of the colon, especially on the processing of biopsy material obtained by sampling during colonoscopy and colectomy. The theoretical part of this thesis describes general anatomy of the colon and assumptions of tumor formation in this location. It deals mainly with the risk factors which may be unaffectable, e.g. heredity and age, but also affectable, such as insufficient physical activity, excessive consumption of red meat, low fiber intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight etc. The thesis also describes the possibility of prevention, which is closely related to the risk factors. Finally, some ways of taking biopsy samples and subsequent laboratory processing are listed. The practical part presents the methods used for tissue processing and staining histological slides with a focus on the advantages of faster tissue processing by continuous tissue processor. It also deals with immunohistochemical examination, which is an integral part of histopathological diagnostic procedure. The aim of the thesis was to describe how certain methods of histological processing can accelerate and especially clarify the diagnosis and the associated follow-up treatment. Keywords: colon , colorectal cancer, pathology , cancer , colonoscopy, colectomy,...
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Role of the FTO gene in the genetic determination of common multifactorial diseases
Dlouhá, Dana ; Hubáček, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Černá, Marie (referee) ; Rossmeislová, Lenka (referee)
Obesity is a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes type 2 and some cancers. Newly detected genetic risk factor for body weight is the FTO gene ("fat mass and obesity associated"). The aim of this thesis was determine 1) whether the presence of risk alleles correlate with BMI in Czech population and to determine 2) whether there is an association between variants in the FTO gene and risk of myocardial infarction/ acute coronary syndrome (MI/ ACS), 3) renal failure (ESRD), or 4) incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). We analyzed polymorphisms rs17817449 (first intron) and rs17818902 (3rd intron) using by PCR-RFLP and then also RT PCR. We found an association of the first intron variant (but not the 3rd one) and BMI in Czech control population. We have detected an association of 1st intron SNP and BMI changes during the intervention study in obese children, but not in obese females. We found a correlation between the risk allele and increased risk of ACS (OR 1.49) in patients with MI. In patients with ESRD was detected association between the risk allele and the risk of disease (OR 1.37). We didn't confirmed the association between rs17817449 and the development of CRC. Representative selected groups of the Czech populations "MONICA" and "HAPPIE" were used as controls. One...
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