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Ability of plants to adapt to anthropogenic pollution
Vachek, Tadeáš ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Due to global climate change and human interventions, the environment is changing rapidly. This brings many stress factors that organisms must adapt to. One of the adaptive mechanisms currently widely discussed is rapid evolution, i.e., hereditary change based on natural selection occurring at an ecologically relevant pace. This work deals with the synthesis of knowledge about rapid evolution, the methodology of its research, and its role in the adaptive processes of plants to anthropogenic pollution, focusing on heavy metals in soil and artificial light at night. The collected studies indicate that heavy metals exert strong selective pressure that can lead to the separation of a tolerant population from the original within a few generations. However, the significance of artificial light at night as a selective factor for plant evolution has not yet been studied. Although individual studies deal with adaptive evolution in phototactic insects in response to artificial light at night, extensive research has not been conducted here either. From the general examination of the effects of artificial light at night on organisms (especially animals), both direct and indirect impacts on their functioning are evident, many of which have not yet been described in detail. Thus, the direct and indirect impacts...
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Studium složení emitovaných pevných částic z domácího spalování
Lesná, Barbora ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is the analysis of the chemical composition of different biomass samples. Biomass samples underwent combustion in a fireplace stove, simulating combustion in domestic fireplaces. Firstly, biofuels are defined and the difference in chemical composition between wood and herbal fuels, which this thesis focuses on, is being discussed. In the following chapters, the combustion process and various types of emissions being released from the combustion of solid fuels are presented. Attention is paid to legislation and methods of measuring aerosols, then the focus is drawn to methods of their chemical analysis. The last chapters of the theoretical part focus on the health and environmental risks of solid particles that go hand in hand with being exposed to those particles. In the experimental part, the processes of sampling filters with particles, microwave decomposition of the samples. Furthermore, the thesis describes the analysis of the chemical composition of the input fuel, emitted particles and ash, in which metals were determined by the method of absorption atomic spectrometry. The concentration of solid particles on the filter is calculated here. In the discussion, individual fuels are compared according to the content of each metal.
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LIBS detection of trace elements in polymeric matrice
Kočenda, Dominik ; Kopřivová, Hana (referee) ; Krčma, František (advisor)
When recycling plastic materials, it is important to determine whether they contain concentrations of hazardous impurities, such as heavy metals, above permissible limits. This bachelor's thesis focuses on quantifying cadmium in a polymer matrix using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Samples of polypropylene and polystyrene with unknown cadmium concentrations were examined. Calibration samples for both types of polymers were prepared for quantification and then analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in an external laboratory. These results were used as calibration values for the LIBS method and also to verify the accuracy of the obtained results. Calibration curves for cadmium were created from the calibration samples, which enabled the determination of unknown cadmium concentrations in the polypropylene and polystyrene samples and the determination of the detection limit of cadmium using the LIBS method. Cadmium in the unknown samples was quantified with an average accuracy of 90 % and precision of 85 %.
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Study of the content of heavy metals in the tissues of wild animals
Stoček, Michal ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
In the Ženklava hunting ground, tissues of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) were analysed. Samples were taken from liver, kidney and muscle. The samples were digested in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide by microwave irradiation and subsequently analysed by ET-AAS techniques (Pb, Cd, Cu), F-AAS (Zn) and AMA (Hg). The concentrations found by the analysis of each element were
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Assessment of contamination in selected locations of Valašské Meziříčí
Dunajská, Sabina ; Pavlovský, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis deals with soil contamination caused by heavy metals in the region of Valašské Meziříčí. The metals analysed were cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc. Metals were determined in 34 samples. The analyses were performed using AMA-254 and AAS methods. Contamination indices were used to assess the contaminated sites and health risks were also assessed.
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Optimizing experimental parameters for LIBS analysis of hard tissues
Fazlić, Aida ; Kuchynka,, Michaela (referee) ; Pořízka, Pavel (advisor)
Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na detekci a analýzu těžkých kovů, zejména olova (Pb), v tvrdých tkáních pomocí hydroxyapatitových standardů a spektroskopie laserem buzeného plazmatu (LIBS). Studie využívala různé vlnové délky laseru 1064 nm, 532 nm a 266 nm, stejně jako různé konfigurace laseru, včetně jednopulzní (SP, z angl. single-pulse) LIBS a dvojpulzní (DP, z angl. double-pulse) LIBS v ortogonálním a kolineárním uspořádání. Byla provedena optimalizace parametrů laseru, jako jsou vlnová délka, defokus, doba zpoždění, mezipulzní doba zpoždění a energie. Poměr signál-ke-šumu (SBR), limit detekce a rozlišení odpovídající průměru ablačního kráteru sloužily jako základní parametry pro určení optimální kombinace parametrů. Výsledky této studie poskytují důležité poznatky o optimálních parametrech LIBS pro detekci a analýzu těžkých kovů v tvrdých tkáních, což může mít potenciálně významné dopady pro lékařský výzkum.
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Preprocessing of sewage sludge for pyrolysis process
Ševčík, Jan ; Rusník,, Igor (referee) ; Bodík,, Igor (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
The concept of sludge management at the level of sludge treating technology of sewage treatment plants, as well as at national, continental or world level, requires fundamental improvement in the interest of sustainable development. Sewage sludge production is continuously increasing. Sewage sludge contains a number of pollutants but also a significant renewable resource for material transformation and / or energy recovery. Sewage sludge is composed of an inorganic mineral part and organic components. Its organic part is a source of energy and nutrients, but also contains harmful pollutants for exapmple heavy metals. However, there are technologies that offer the possibility of neutralizing pollutants while using other sludge components in terms of recycling energy, nutrients and other attractive sludge components. The mentioned technologies include mainly thermal methods of sewage sludge treatment and one of them is pyrolysis. Thessis focuses on sewage sludge prepartation for pyrolysis process, which includes mixing with additives and peletization of prepared mixture for purposes of agricultural or energetical utilisation. Technology for material transformation and energy utilization of sewage sludge, in particular the mentioned pyrolysis or torrefaction, require an insignificant degree of detailed research in order to expand it in the field of sludge management. Indeed, it is not only research that will enable direct correct use of this technology in practice. The results of such research are the basis for the drafting of the relevant legislation, which will subsequently enable the deployment of pyrolysis technologies in practice.
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Inhibition of Hazardous Compounds in Alumino-Silicate Systems
Koplík, Jan ; Škvára, František (referee) ; Rovnaníková, Pavla (referee) ; Havlica, Jaromír (advisor)
The ability of alumino-silicate systems to immobilize hazardous compounds has been investigated since 1990s. The aim of this work is to develope alumino-silicate system (matrix) based on industrial waste products with ability to immobilize hazardous compounds (heavy metals). This ability of the matrix was confirmed by leaching tests based on the law 294/2005 Sb. Concentration of heavy metals in leachates was determined by ICP-MS method. Alumino-silicate system prepared in this work consists of high-temperature fly ash and blast furnace slag activated by mixture of alkaline activators (hydroxide and water glass). Matrixes were characterized by suitable analytic methods (XRD, SEM, FT-IR, DTA-TGA-EGA). The same analytic methods were used to describe the mechanism of immobilization of selected elements (Ba, Cu, Pb) in prepared systems.
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Study of road dust pollution using ICP mass spectrometry
Chalabala, Jan ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Vašinová Galiová, Michaela (advisor)
Nowadays, there are many studies focused on road dust as a matrix of interest because of its ability to accumulate contamination with contribution from road traffic. This master thesis is turned into study of road dust pollution from aglomeration of Ulaanbaatar, capital city of Mongolia. There are 113 samples devided on nine sets corresponding to major roads in Ulaanbaatar. Samples have been sieved on three size fractions and then decomposed by aqua regia. Middle size fraction 45–63 µm has been analyzed using ICP-MS mass spektrometry. For purposes of contamination assesment, analyzed elements have been devided into two groups: contaminants (Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) and rare earth elements (REE). Measured contents for elements have been compared with values of geochemical backgroud. Firstly for each set of samples and secondly for each sampling point. For first group of elements (contaminants), antropogenic contamination have been found, especially in the centre of Ulaanbaatar. As a probable source of this contamination, road traffic for Cu, Zn and Pb and coal combustion for Pb a As, have been identified. For REE group hasn´t been found any antropogenic enrichment.
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