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Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech Republic from medical sources
ŠÍPOVÁ, Aneta
The intention of my diploma thesis was estimate the effective doses from different examinations in the area of the nuclear medicine and radiodiagnosis and find out what numbers are of the examinations in the Czech republic. In the theoretical part I worked with the professional literature, the applicable legal regulations and the internet links. The diploma thesis on the topic "Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech republic from medical sources" is partition to the two parts. The introductory part of the theoretical work is dedicated to the importance of medical radiation within radiological methods and to the brief description the whole thesis. In the other part od the thesis are summarized the informations about the ionizing radiation - about his history, species, sources, interactions with the environment and biological effects on the organism. In the other part of the thesis which is devoted to radiation protection is listed the basic czech legislation which relates on the given topic. Further are in this thesis within the radiation protection listed her objectives, conception, principles, radiation protection methods, radiation monitoring and basic monitored quantities which are important in terms of the radiation protection. In the last part of the theoretical thesis is listed the medical radiation and his possibilities of use in the medical. In this thesis were to established three objectives. The first objective was to estimate the average effective doses in various examinations in the nuclear medicine and the radiodiagnosis. For selected examinations was calculated the average effective dose for patients who underwent the selected examination in January 2022. In the framework of nuclear medicine, it was an skeletal scintigraphy (96 patients), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (51 patients), perfusion and ventilation lung scintigraphy (166 patients) and dynamic renal scintigraphy (12 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021. In the famework of the radiodiagnosis, it was an CT brain natively (226 patients), abdominal CT natively (91 patients), CT chest native (33 patients) and CT of the lumbrar spine natively (46 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021 and the results listed in the document "Medical radiation assessment" released by the SÚJB in the year 2021. The second objective was to find out how are numbers of examinations mentioned above in Czech republic. For this purpose I was provided with data from ÚZIS. Within this objective were estimated the collective effective doses. The third objective was estimated the relative probability of emergence of stochastic effects (the cancer). For this purpose was used the program named X-ray risk.
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Received dose analysis of the Hospital Třebíč, p.o. staff during the radiodiagnostic examinations
ŠOTKOVSKÝ, Aleš
The discovery of X-rays, made by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, was a major turning point not only in medical diagnostics but also in medical science as a whole. The discovery gave rise to a new field of medicine - radiodiagnostics. The field of radiodiagnostics has seen a rapid development, mainly since 1970s. Today, radiodiagnostic imaging methods have an indispensable place in medicine and no medical facility can possibly work without them. With the current fast development in the field of radiodiagnostics, both the extent of X-ray examinations available to patients and the number of patients examined by X-rays have multiplied. Unfortunately, this brings along a higher risk of exposing medical staff to ionizing radiation effects and associated undesirable consequences. To keep the risk at the minimum level and at the same time maintain the number and quality of examinations performed, it is necessary to strictly obey the principles of radiation protection at facilities with sources of ionizing radiation. I addition, regular inspections must be done to check if these principles are obeyed in reality. That is why the doses of ionizing radiation received by staff working at such facilities are monitored and regularly assessed. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the doses received by staff working with sources of ionizing radiation at Třebíč Hospital during the past ten years, when the hospital saw a significant increase in patients examined by radiodiagnostic imaging methods. The thesis is divided into two parts - a theoretical section and a practical section. The theoretical section is based on both domestic and foreign literature. It describes the X-ray radiation itself, its origin, properties, effects and possible use. The theoretical section also explores ways to detect the radiation and the effects it has on living cells. There is a special focus on the protection from ionizing radiation, including the relevant legislation related to this subject and the individual principles of protection. The final chapter deals with dosimetry and thus relates to the research conducted in the practical section. The practical section is based on research. The objective of the research was to analyse the values of effective doses and equivalent doses measured in staff working at the Department of Radiodiagnostics and the central operation theatres in Třebíč Hospital from 2011 to 2021. The research sample included 51 staff members working at those departments for the whole ten-year-long period. The participants were divided into categories according to their departments and their job titles. During the period all staff members were monitored by personal film dosimeters produced by VF, a.s. company. The research was based on the data measured during the period in question.
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Possibilities the use of CT and MRI in ENT diagnostics
SVOBODA, David
The bachelor's thesis deals with the possibilities use of CT and MRI in ENT diagnostics. The main goal is to introduce and give information about the use of various viewing methods in ORL diagnosis, with a main focus on CT and MR viewing methods. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we introduce the field of otorhinolaryngology and a brief introduction into the history of this field. Then we talk about the basic equipment of an ORL doctor's office and the use of various basic examinations. Continuing, we talk about diagnostic methods that can be used in ORL - RTG, CT, NMR, sonography and scintigraphy. Finally, we briefly discuss the anatomy, illness and diagnosis of the airways, throat and neck. The Following goals had been established: To analyse the possibilities of using CT and MRI during the ORL diagnostics. Determine the level of awareness of the non-expert audience about the process of CT and MRI and ORL diseases. Then, hypothesis had been determined, which reads as follows: respondents have sufficient/enough information about the CT and MR examination and respondents have experience with diseases in the ORL area. For the empirical part of the thesis, we chose an anonymous questionnaire whose results were solely intended for the purposes of this thesis. The main purpose of the study was to find out about the knowledge the patients had about the various diagnostic procedures. The result is that the general population is sufficiently informed about the entire diagnostic process, as well as its potential complications and shortcomings. Illnesses in ORL are relatively frequent, across all age groups. The most common diagnoses are ear infections, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. he most commonly used viewing methods are X-rays and ultrasounds or sonography.
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Polymer carriers for nuclear medicine
Sedláček, Ondřej
In the thesis, we developed and studied a novel polymer delivery system for the DNA-intercalator bearing radioisotope iodine-125. Auger electrons emitting radioisotopes (such as iodine-125 or indium-111) are a potentially effective cancer treatment. Their use as an effective cancer therapy requires that they will be transported within close proximity of DNA, where they induce double-strand breaks leading to the cell death. This type of therapy may be even more beneficial when associated with drug delivery systems. The DNA intercalators proved to be effective carriers for the delivery of Auger electron emitters into DNA. Therefore, the new radioiodinated DNA-intercalating ellipticinium derivatives were synthesized and characterized. These compounds were linked to N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer with narrow molecular weight distribution via acid-sensitive hydrazone linker. The structure of the linker plays a crucial role in the biological effectivity of the delivery system, so it was optimized to be stable at pH 7.4 (representing the pH of blood plasma), whereas in slightly acidic pH in endosomes after the cell internalization, the radioiodine-containing biologically active intercalator is rapidly released from its polymer carrier. The intercalating ability of the active compound was...
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Polymer carriers for nuclear medicine
Sedláček, Ondřej
In the thesis, we developed and studied a novel polymer delivery system for the DNA-intercalator bearing radioisotope iodine-125. Auger electrons emitting radioisotopes (such as iodine-125 or indium-111) are a potentially effective cancer treatment. Their use as an effective cancer therapy requires that they will be transported within close proximity of DNA, where they induce double-strand breaks leading to the cell death. This type of therapy may be even more beneficial when associated with drug delivery systems. The DNA intercalators proved to be effective carriers for the delivery of Auger electron emitters into DNA. Therefore, the new radioiodinated DNA-intercalating ellipticinium derivatives were synthesized and characterized. These compounds were linked to N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer with narrow molecular weight distribution via acid-sensitive hydrazone linker. The structure of the linker plays a crucial role in the biological effectivity of the delivery system, so it was optimized to be stable at pH 7.4 (representing the pH of blood plasma), whereas in slightly acidic pH in endosomes after the cell internalization, the radioiodine-containing biologically active intercalator is rapidly released from its polymer carrier. The intercalating ability of the active compound was...
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Radiation incidents at selected radiologic workplaces - the analysis of repeated images due to wrong irradiation of pacient.
ZÁKOUTSKÁ, Eliška
The thesis derives from the needs of institutions using sources of ionizing radiation to implement a new legislative regarding nuclear law, effective since 1st January 2017. The thesis is focused on radiological events at radiological institutions of chosen healthcare facilities. The theoretical part makes the reader familiar with the term "radiological event", generally elaborates on the field of diagnostic radiography and radiation protection. The practical part of the thesis deals with evaluation of the most occurring causes and the frequency of radiological events, obtained from the records of medical irradiation, even of wrongly carried out exposures in chosen diagnostic radiography institutions and wrongly sorted radiological events to a relevant category. To fulfil all the goals of the master thesis and to apply the results of the work in practice, also the contents of following document were evaluated - "Evaluation of the means of radiation protection", which every holder of permission to work with ionizing radiation has to submit to the SŮJB yearly, till 30th April, with the data from the previous year. This rule is valid since the new nuclear law was adopted. The results of this thesis served the chosen institution to create such report till 30th April 2019, with a broader extent of the analysis and evaluation than last year. The maximal detail of the report about causes and frequency of radiological events and mapping the real situation at the facilities serves also to the State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) to create a Recommendation of the SONS regarding the radiological events. Equally, the thesis was beneficial to the observed facilities, to realise the causes and frequency of radiological events in individual years. It is then up to an individual institution and to the employee supervising the radiation protection, to evaluate the consequences of the found causes, for example to point them out within a yearly training of radiation employees, and to consistently see to the compliance of all preventive measures, which proposal and implementation also belongs to the main tasks of the supervisor.
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Differentiation of radiological assistants in particular branches (X-ray, Nuclear medicine, Radiotherapy)
PROKOPOVÁ, Šárka
Bachelor thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is about the details of the work of the departments, which include x-ray, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. The entire work is supplemented by my own photographs, as well as photographs from public information sources. There is also a brief history of radiology. I also stated the most important personalities of this scope and their inventions. Next, I put in the work tables and charts from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic and compared them with my results. In the practical section, I focused on creating questionnaires for doctors and radiology assistants. These questionnaires were designed for employees of branches RTG, NUM and RTO. For physicians was prepared 12 questions and for radiological assistants 14 questions. Respondents answered in the form of a check mark one or more responses. There are also questions, where the answer must be indicated in written form. Then were the collected results sorted into the different categories according to the scope. Then I transferred the resulting data in a graphical form. At the end of the practical part I commented on the data and added my own opinions and insights. The survey was carried out in the form of personally or electronic distributing the questionnaires to individual hospitals throughout the Czech Republic. The results were then delivered to me by a mail or I had to go for them into concrete hospitals personally. It depended on the willingness of a particular hospital. The work will be used for educational purposes and to raise awareness among university students and professional public.
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Radiolabelled antibodies - the perspective for diagnosis and therapy
Mejtská, Jana ; Bárta, Pavel (advisor) ; Ramos Mandíková, Jana (referee)
1 CHARLES UNIVERSITY FAKULTY OF PHARMACY IN HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ DEPARTMENT OF BIOPHYSICS AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY DISSERTATION THESIS RADIOLABELED ANTIBODIES - THE PERSPECTIVE FOR DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY Supervizor: Mgr. PAVEL BÁRTA, Ph.D. HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ, 2017 Bc. JANA MEJTSKÁ 2 ABSTRACT EN Different types of tissues have a characteristic cell morphology. Each cell has typical molecules on its surface, which may be either of physiological or pathological type. The presence of these surface structures can be interesting for possible modulation of specific cell populations from neighboring cells. Utilization of this property is then essential particularly in a case of tumor cells. Targeting on tumor specific cell structures involves the use of receptor specific peptides or monoclonal antibodies. The discovery of the preparation of monoclonal antibodies has opened a new chapter in the treatment and diagnosis not only tumor diseases. The advantage of monoclonal antibodies is their specificity and also high affinity to the type of the target cell structures. This study is focused on the summary of monoclonal antibodies which are currently being applied on the treatment or diagnosis of a particular cancer. Furthermore, this work also includes antibodies which are under development for intended medical applications with...
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Polymer carriers for nuclear medicine
Sedláček, Ondřej ; Hrubý, Martin (advisor) ; Smrček, Stanislav (referee) ; Sedláková, Zdeňka (referee)
In the thesis, we developed and studied a novel polymer delivery system for the DNA-intercalator bearing radioisotope iodine-125. Auger electrons emitting radioisotopes (such as iodine-125 or indium-111) are a potentially effective cancer treatment. Their use as an effective cancer therapy requires that they will be transported within close proximity of DNA, where they induce double-strand breaks leading to the cell death. This type of therapy may be even more beneficial when associated with drug delivery systems. The DNA intercalators proved to be effective carriers for the delivery of Auger electron emitters into DNA. Therefore, the new radioiodinated DNA-intercalating ellipticinium derivatives were synthesized and characterized. These compounds were linked to N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer with narrow molecular weight distribution via acid-sensitive hydrazone linker. The structure of the linker plays a crucial role in the biological effectivity of the delivery system, so it was optimized to be stable at pH 7.4 (representing the pH of blood plasma), whereas in slightly acidic pH in endosomes after the cell internalization, the radioiodine-containing biologically active intercalator is rapidly released from its polymer carrier. The intercalating ability of the active compound was...
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