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Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances in ski waxes
Hrubý, Martin ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Semerád, Jaroslav (referee)
Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) represent a group of thousands of anthropogenically produced substances. The strong bonding of carbon and fluorine gives these compounds unique properties, which have been used in ski waxes, among other applications. There is limited data on the specific PFAS used in wax production. This is due not only to the difficulty of analysis but also to the reluctance of manufacturers to disclose this information. The application of ski waxes has been associated with increased PFAS concentrations in the blood and some lung problems. Because of their persistence in ski areas, PFAS can be found in snow, soil, animals and plants. Although there is a gradual ban on the production and use of these substances, the issue of PFAS in ski waxes continues. This paper focuses on particular aspects of the issue. Key words: perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances, PFAS, PFOA, ski waxes
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Perfluorované látky ve vodním životním prostředí
TLAČILOVÁ, Hana
Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) are synthetic compounds with a wide range of applications due to their specific properties. PFAS are highly stable substances not subject to biochemical, chemical, thermal, or photochemical degradation. They are in most cases persistent and bioaccumulative. This work deals with detecting the occurrence of 33 PFAS representatives in benthos, juvenile fish, muscle samples of adult fish, and water using POCIS passive samplers. The 27 sites selected for sampling were profiles operated by the CHMI for surface water monitoring, located on some of the major rivers of the Czech Republic The obtained samples were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-HESI-HRPS). The concentrations of the monitored substances were evaluated using TraceFinder 3.3 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analysis detected 13 PFASs out of the 33 monitored substances, namely PFOS, FOSA, PFDoA, FHpPA, H4PFUnA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFTeDA, PFTrDA, PFHpS, 6:2FTS and PFHpA. At the Ohře - Želina site, the highest concentrations were measured in juvenile fish samples, with total PFAS concentrations reaching up to 887.7 ng×g-1, specifically 620 ng×g-1 PFHxS, 260 ng×g-1 PFOS and 7.7 ng×g-1 PFTrDA, and in benthic samples, with total PFAS concentrations of 147 ng×g-1, specifically 120 ng×g-1 PFHxS and 27 ng×g-1 PFOS. The highest concentration in the muscle samples was measured at the Elbe - Obříství site, 200 ng×g-1 sum PFAS. In the POCIS samples, the highest sum PFAS was estimated at the Elbe - Litoměřice site, with a concentration of 29 ng×g-1. The results of the analyses demonstrated the necessity of combining multiple sample types to obtain the vast range of captured compounds.
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Novel perfluorinated compounds in the environment
Leifertová, Karolína ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
Perfluorinated compounds are a broad class of manmade chemicals. Even though they have been linked to hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the mechanism of toxicity still remains unclear. Only recently, two compounds (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid) have been phased out. This has led to a production of so-called "novel perfluorinated compounds". This work focuses on the evaluation of toxicity for 4 perfluorinated compounds, including the novel perfluorinated compounds (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid GenX, and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid HFPO-TA). Gonadal and liver cell lines of rainbow trout were used for testing. Relevant toxicity tests were performed, such as viability tests (carboxyfluorescein diacetate, alamar blue and neutral red uptake), cytochrome P450 1A activation (ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase, EROD) and measurements of reactive oxygen species generation (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate). HFPO- TA dramatically reduced viability and resulted in a statistically significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. GenX caused an increase in EROD activity, but no effect on viability or reactive oxygen species formation was observed. The...
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