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The concept and legal consequence of the excessive use of self-defence and necessity
Lenc, David ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
1 Abstract THE CONCEPT AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSGRESSION OF THE LIMITS OF SELF-DEFENCE AND NECESSITY As the name suggests, this Master's thesis examines the concept and legal consequences of transgression of the limits of self-defence and necessity. Self-defence and necessity, together with other circumstances excluding illegality, belong to the fundamentals of criminal liability. If all their conditions are fulfilled by some action, which would otherwise give raise to criminal liability, then these legal institutions exclude not only criminal liability, but also illegality of such action (i.e. such action is considered lawful). The purpose of the paper is to provide complex and understandable analysis of these two crucial legal institutions. The analysis is mainly focused on conditions of these legal institutions, which form their limits; determination of conditions which, if not met, constitute the transgression of the limits of self-defence or necessity, and content and cases of fulfilment or failure to fulfil these conditions. (Thus, the cases of the transgression of the limits of self-defence and necessity are examined.) After the analysis of such excesses, the thesis addresses specific issues connected with their legal consequences. The thesis is based on Czech legal regulation, namely the...
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Lawfull use of force
Lipert, Jan ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Herczeg, Jiří (referee)
of my Master's degree thesis in English Lawful use of firearms The purpose of my paper is to draw attention to the lawful use of firearms in self- defence. The relation between the lawful use of firearms and self-defence is not explained sufficiently today. For example, it is not clear in what situations police officers have authority to act in self-defence and what their liability would be should they exceed the regulation of lawful use of firearms. The author offers possible solutions to this issue and describes their consequences. The paper is composed of three chapters. Introduction brings the reader into the issue. First chapter serves as an extension to the introductory part and defines basic terminology used in the paper such as defences, necessity, self-defence, dangerous offender, lawful use of firearms. Chapter Two deals with relevant international, constitutional and statutory legislation with a focus on the lawful use of firearms and its regulation. Chapter Three introduces basic knowledge from practice split into rulings and case studies. Author of this Master's degree thesis searched and chose the most relevant rulings with relation to the lawful use of firearms. Case studies include two cases of lawful use of firearms by the Police to which the author had access. Chapter Four looks...
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The concept and legal consequence of the excessive use of self-defence and necessity
Koňakovská, Petra ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Herczeg, Jiří (referee)
of my Master's degree thesis in English TERM AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXCEEDING THE PRIVATE DEFENCE AND NECESSITY LIMITS (EXCESS) The thesis examines the legal concept and legal implications of transgression of (acting outside of) private defense and necessity. It is based on the new Criminal Code, Act N. 40/2009 Coll. In some of the comparative passages the older legal regulation is mentioned, Act N. 140/1961 Coll., the Criminal Code in particular, as well as preceding penal codes. For illustration of examined concepts and definitions every charter includes case law that deals with the legal institute of private defense and necessity. The thesis is based on the Czech legal regulation and doesn't include comparison with foreign legislation. It's been caused by the short time of effectiveness of the new Criminal code which brought several substantial changes in circumstances precluding wrongfulness of an act. Significant part of the thesis is dedicated to these innovations, e.g. new privileged the fact of criminal offence of manslaughter (§ 141 CC) and infliction of bodily harm with a justifiable motive (§ 146a CC) , new legal regulation of extraordinary reduction of the term of imprisonment (§ 58 CC) and extenuating circumstances (§ 41 CC). Essentially, the new Criminal Code as a whole brought a...
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Contentious issues of self-defence in Czech case law
Korál, Petr ; Herczeg, Jiří (advisor) ; Gřivna, Tomáš (referee)
55 10 Abstract Controversial Issues of Necessary Defence in Case Law In this thesis I focus on the problematic issues of necessary defence (self- defence) both from the point of view of case law (where available) and law theory (in areas that have yet to be decided by courts). The second chapter describes the position of necessary defence in the systematic of Czech criminal law and defines the legal institute of necessary defence itself. Necessary defence is one of circumstances that exclude criminal liability (excuses and justifications). The substance of necessary defence is the repulsion of an imminent or pending attack on interests protected by the Criminal Code. The attack must be unlawful and harmful to the interests of society. The action of the defender must not be utterly apparently inadequate to the manner of the attack. Also the action of the defender must be intensive enough to otherwise constitute a crime. The third chapter addresses the issues of basic components of necessary defence, that is, the attack and the defensive action. The harmfulness of an attack must be at least discernible. In regards to the unlawfulness of an attack, the criterion is objective unlawfulness, that is, behaviour is unlawful if it unduly threatens interests of others, without taking into consideration of the...
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Controversial issues of self-defence in Czech case law
Houzar, Petr ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
The focus of the thesis is set on the controversial issues connected with a legal institute of Czech criminal law called "self-defence", and how these controversial issues were dealt with within judicial practice. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the whole topic. The second chapter describes the concept of self-defence, as well as its prerequisites. The self- defence was classed into the system of criminal law. The goal of the third chapter is to define preconditions which are necessary in connection with application of the self-defence institute. The main parts of this chapter describe firstly attacking, first of all and secondly defence. Subsections of this chapter analyse the term of attacking itself, the attacker and his characteristics, the term of harmfulness of such attacks towards society. As for the second part of the third chapter it focuses on the defence itself, its proportionality etc. The fourth chapter is about the role of judicial practice within the context of Czech legal system. This chapter serves as a relevant contribution to the main part of the thesis, which is chapter five. Chapter five introduces specific cases, especially those which were at some point controversial. The specific case is briefly described and the controversial issue is named and further...
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Utter necessity and necessary defense as illegality excluding circumstances.
ŠEFL, Richard
Theme of my thesis is the issue of necessity and self-defence as circumstances excluding illegality. In this work are these institutes characterized from the perspective of Czech law and Anglo-American law. A part of this work is historical excursion that highlights the problems of these institutions from the perspective in the course of history. This work serves us a comprehensive look at the necessity and self-defence and their issues. Part of the work is the mutual comparison of these institutions from the perspective of the law of the Czech and the Anglo-American law.
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Violence begets more violence or a justifiable defense in familypartnership
HÁLA, Miloš
This thesis is focused on the topic of justifiable defence and domestic violence. There is a comprehensive overview about justifiable defence in the first section. It is one of the circumstances to exclude illegality which is defined in § 29 in the Criminal Code. There are specified conditions when attack is treated as justifiable defence. If the statutory conditions are exceeded it is the excess. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to serious problem domestic violence. There are forms and features of domestic violence defined. Also consequences of domestic violence are mentioned. The third section describes the legal option to help victims of domestic violence. We create manual with some advices and recommendations. We trust that it will be a benefit for victims. There is a list with contacts to organizations which help to affected persons. Practical part of our thesis is case study. We deal with a concrete example of domestic violence in detail. At the end of this case is death of thug and imprisonment of bully women.
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Circumstances Excluding Illegality
Dvořáková, Vendula ; Žák, Květoslav (advisor) ; Spirit, Michal (referee)
The aim of this thesis named Circumstances excluding illegality is to define every particular circumstance listed in the Czech Criminal Code Nr. 40/2009 Sb. and every condition when it is possible to use these circumstances excluding illegality. In this thesis there are also described some court decisions concerning specific situations. The next chapter deals with kinds of punishments that can be imposed for breaking of these circumstances. In the conclusion there is a small summary with my own opinion on the current legal regulations on this matter.
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CIRCUMSTANCES EXCLUDING THE ILLEGALITY
HAUER, František
This work provides a comprehensive look at the issues and current concepts of circumstances precluding unlawfulness in the Czech Republic, which are defined in the Criminal Code No. 140/1961 Coll. valid until 31.12.2009 (necessary defense, exigency, legitimate use of weapons).The purpose of this work is to create the practical tools for citizens of our country how to behave and act in situations of the immediate danger to their property, health or life, or other rights and freedoms declared by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, in the context of immediate unlawful conduct of other persons.In this thesis there are gradually given various conditions which the attack must meet, the risk of defending against unlawful conduct and this act itself could be considered by the competent authorities as an act within the limits of the particular circumstances excluding the unlawfulness. The decisions of law enforcement bodies present their approach to this issue. It also includes a view of the installation of automatic defense equipment, the use and installation is currently not regulated by law as an effective means to protect their property. Due to the upcoming of the new Penal Code No. 40/2009 Coll., As amended, at work there is also a chapter by circumstances precluding unlawfulness de lege ferenda under the Criminal Code with the consideration of their other possible legislation. In the fifth chapter is a comparison made these circumstances with foreign legislation.
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Justifiable offenence
SEDLÁŘ, Tomáš
Práce vytváří ucelený pohled na problematiku a současné pojetí nutné obrany v České republice, jakožto jedné z okolností vylučující protiprávnost, která je vymezena v § 13 zákona č. 140/1961 sb., trestního zákona. Smyslem práce je vytvoření praktické pomůcky občanům naší země, aby věděli jakým způsobem jednat a jak se chovat v situacích, kdy bude bezprostředně ohrožen jejich život, zdraví nebo majetek popř. i další práva a svobody deklarovaná státem, v souvislosti s bezprostředním protiprávním a úmyslným jednáním jiné osoby či osob. V práci budou postupně uvedeny jednotlivé podmínky, které musí splňovat útok (bezprostředně hrozící nebo trvající) i obranné jednání, aby toto následně mohlo být příslušnými orgány posuzováno v mezích nutné obrany. Budou popsána určitá úskalí, která s sebou obranné jednání může přinést a bude zde uvedeno několik zajímavých soudních rozhodnutí, aby bylo patrné, jakým způsobem k této problematice přistupují soudci soudů jednotlivých stupňů. Rovněž zde budou zmíněny některé psychické faktory, které mohou ovlivnit jednání obránce v souvislosti se vzniklou zátěžovou situací, zejména spojená s intenzitou použité síly, popřípadě volbou obranného prostředku použitého k odvrácení útoku. Práce bude rovněž obsahovat pohled na nutnou obranu v souvislosti s instalací automatických zabezpečovacích a zejména obranných zařízení, jejichž používání a instalace není v současné době zákonem nijak upravována. V neposlední řadě bude práce obsahovat pohled do zahraničních úprav nutné obrany. V praktické části budou metodou dotazníku zjišťovány vědomosti a názory občanů na jednání v nutné obraně.
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