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Endoplasmic reticulum stress
Červenka, Jakub ; Schierová, Michaela (advisor) ; Horníková, Lenka (referee)
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress and the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Recent studies show that ER stress or UPR are associated with many diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis type C, prion disease, different kinds of tumors or Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and also with physiological processes like cell differentiation. When UPR is activated in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ire1 protein oligomerizes, transautophosphorylates and activates itself. After this, Ire1 cleaves HAC1 mRNA to remove an intron. The spliced form of HAC1 mRNA is translated into the Hac1 transcription factor, which induces transcription of genes for chaperones of lumen ER, proteins involved in ERAD, synthesis of lipids etc. The cell uses this to reestablish homeostasis in ER. In mammals, the UPR is more complex and except Ire1 dependent pathway, it comprises Perk and Atf6 pathways, which are missing in yeast. Nevertheless, Perk is activated and regulated by the similar mechanism as Ire1 in S. cerevisiae. In consideration of broad spectrum of methods for genetic manipulation, rapid growth and well annotated genome, the yeast S. cerevisiae is a useful model for study of general mechanisms of UPR in mammals.
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Interactions of Mitochondria with Other Cellular Structures
Vinopalová, Martina ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Voleman, Luboš (referee)
In cells, mitochondria fulfil diverse set of roles, including a production of energy-rich molecules, which are necessary for proper functioning of the cell, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis and even biosynthesis of Fe-S centres, heme and steroids. To coordinate some of these processes with events occurring in the rest of the cell, mitochondria need to communicate with the other cellular structures through their physical contacts. Resulting intracellular platforms give rise to additional mitochondrial functions. This thesis summarizes current findings from the cells of mammalian model organisms and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae about the interactions of this semiautonomous organelle with other cellular components and about the functions, which these interactions mediate.
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Calcium homeostasis and modulation of nociceptive synaptic transmission
Sojka, David
This study was designed to improve our knowledge regarding mechanisms of nociceptive signaling at spinal cord level. One of the forms of spinal cord synaptic transmission modulation is central sensitization, a manifestation of synaptic plasticity at spinal cord level, which was found to be present at many chronic pain syndromes. This study deals mainly with a development of calcium imaging technique with a final goal to study mechanisms of central sensitization in vitro on population of dorsal horn neurons. We have analyzed synaptically evoked intracellular Ca changes as a result of dorsal root stimulation in a superficial dorsal horn area in spinal cord slices and found two types of Ca responses: one synchronized with electrical stimulation and a second one, delayed response due to Ca release from internal stores. The delayed Ca release was not previously shown to be present in these neurons and it was not dependent on activation of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors, suggesting involvement of metabotropic receptor pathway. The presence of this delayed type of Ca response could have a significant role in the induction of some types of chronic pain syndromes, since intracellular calcium increase is thought to be a key trigger point in spinal cord neurons sensitization. An important role in neuronal calcium...
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Interactions of Mitochondria with Other Cellular Structures
Vinopalová, Martina ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Voleman, Luboš (referee)
In cells, mitochondria fulfil diverse set of roles, including a production of energy-rich molecules, which are necessary for proper functioning of the cell, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis and even biosynthesis of Fe-S centres, heme and steroids. To coordinate some of these processes with events occurring in the rest of the cell, mitochondria need to communicate with the other cellular structures through their physical contacts. Resulting intracellular platforms give rise to additional mitochondrial functions. This thesis summarizes current findings from the cells of mammalian model organisms and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae about the interactions of this semiautonomous organelle with other cellular components and about the functions, which these interactions mediate.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress
Červenka, Jakub ; Schierová, Michaela (advisor) ; Horníková, Lenka (referee)
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress and the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Recent studies show that ER stress or UPR are associated with many diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis type C, prion disease, different kinds of tumors or Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and also with physiological processes like cell differentiation. When UPR is activated in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ire1 protein oligomerizes, transautophosphorylates and activates itself. After this, Ire1 cleaves HAC1 mRNA to remove an intron. The spliced form of HAC1 mRNA is translated into the Hac1 transcription factor, which induces transcription of genes for chaperones of lumen ER, proteins involved in ERAD, synthesis of lipids etc. The cell uses this to reestablish homeostasis in ER. In mammals, the UPR is more complex and except Ire1 dependent pathway, it comprises Perk and Atf6 pathways, which are missing in yeast. Nevertheless, Perk is activated and regulated by the similar mechanism as Ire1 in S. cerevisiae. In consideration of broad spectrum of methods for genetic manipulation, rapid growth and well annotated genome, the yeast S. cerevisiae is a useful model for study of general mechanisms of UPR in mammals.
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Calcium homeostasis and modulation of nociceptive synaptic transmission
Sojka, David
This study was designed to improve our knowledge regarding mechanisms of nociceptive signaling at spinal cord level. One of the forms of spinal cord synaptic transmission modulation is central sensitization, a manifestation of synaptic plasticity at spinal cord level, which was found to be present at many chronic pain syndromes. This study deals mainly with a development of calcium imaging technique with a final goal to study mechanisms of central sensitization in vitro on population of dorsal horn neurons. We have analyzed synaptically evoked intracellular Ca changes as a result of dorsal root stimulation in a superficial dorsal horn area in spinal cord slices and found two types of Ca responses: one synchronized with electrical stimulation and a second one, delayed response due to Ca release from internal stores. The delayed Ca release was not previously shown to be present in these neurons and it was not dependent on activation of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors, suggesting involvement of metabotropic receptor pathway. The presence of this delayed type of Ca response could have a significant role in the induction of some types of chronic pain syndromes, since intracellular calcium increase is thought to be a key trigger point in spinal cord neurons sensitization. An important role in neuronal calcium...
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Transformation of conceptual models into the information systems implementation
Vagner, Vlastimil ; Řepa, Václav (advisor) ; Palovská, Helena (referee)
This thesis deals with the linkages between data models from conceptual models to physical design of information bases, used for implementation. The aim is to analyze the modern approach to design systems and specify how detailed the conceptual modeling and impact on the quality of the final form of application or system, including processes that take place in advance to the next level of design. Approximated the techniques the transition between these levels and will take into account structural features and limitations of selected platforms and requirements for their design and mutual coherence level view of the system. For the purpose of the thesis the well known data modeling methods are being analyzed together with their applicabilities.
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