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King Pest and his theatre Prague. Plague epidemics in early modern-period Prague.
Jarošová, Eva ; Šedivá Koldinská, Marie (advisor) ; Mikulec, Jiří (referee)
In 1348 the plague struck Europe and held it in its grip until the 18th century. The Czech lands were no exception, although regular outbreaks are not reported until after 1348. The disease was caused by yersinia pestis bacteria and transmitted primarily by the common rat. It took three different forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic. The year 1348 marked the most significant outbreak of the pandemic, referred to as the Black Death. However, the infection did not spread significantly to Prague and Bohemia until 1380. The societal crisis caused by the Black Death is reflected in art, particularly the so called Dance of Death and Triumph of Death paintings. Plague columns associated with the cult surrounding anti-plague saints became common sights in Bohemia. St. Maria was universally revered. St. Sebastian, St. Rocco, and St. Rosalie were invoked specifically for protection against the plague. Individual countries also sought protection from their national patrons, such a St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia. In Bohemia, the plague is more commonly associated with modern rather than medieval times. Outbreaks recurred roughly every twelve years. In an effort to curb the epidemic, plague orders were enacted. These documents provided for quarantine measures, the closing of borders, the...
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Through Votive Art to Salvation: Monumental English Micro-Architecture from 1300 to 1450
Zimová, Ladislava ; Kuthan, Jiří (advisor) ; Šmied, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of the disseration is to discuss forms of commemorative art. The main focus is given to the development of micro-architectural elements as well as medieval liturgical practices. The dissertation briefly summarises historical, economic and cultural factors between 1300-1450 and their influence on the rise of gentry, guilds and merchants. They, together with the royals and clergy, were becoming influential commissioners of art at that time. English sacred buildings are not as soaring as those on the European continent. Several earthquakes are taken into account when discussing this specific character of English medieval architecture. A vast church interior space encouraged a development of micro- architectural structures. Mutual influences beween macro-architecture of buildings and micro-architecure of monuments is researched on an art-historical basis. Micro-architecture in England is very ornamental indeed. The term Decorated Style is used. English churches and cathedrals are impressive in terms of size. Their interiors offer lavishness of micro-architecture. Keywords English medieval architecture. Commemorative and votive art. Chantry chapels. The Black Death. The cult of the saints in the Middle Ages.
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Plague, massacre, Mary: Anti-Jewish Aspects of Late Medieval Piety
Soukup, Daniel
The so-called Plague persecutions from 1348 to 1350 affected a large majority of the Jewish communities in the Empire, who were accused of poisoning the wells. Though the Jews in Bohemia and Moravia were spared from these violent attacks, Czech medieval literature was mirroring contemporary events and anxiety. Along with economical as well as political reasons, the atmosphere created by the overwhelming threat of the Black Death was also shaped by specific aspects of late medieval piety - passion and Marian devotion, favoured by Emperor Charles IV himself. The paper focuses on mimetic passion piety, partly represented by the flagellant movement and officially expressed by devotional literature, and its influence on anti-Jewish rhetoric and violence. Analysis of vernacular prayers, poems and laments of the Virgin Mary (planctus Marie), the most powerful and emotional texts of spiritual edification modelled by the compassionate spectatorship, presents those anti-Jewish aspects which could pave the way for physical aggression against the Jewish community. Besides contemplative literature, timeless and universal Marian tales could echo actual massacres and legitimized anti-Jewish violence. This may be the case of a Bohemian version of the Marian miracle De Imagine S. Mariae in Lidda, preserved in the 14th century manuscript Liber depictus, which formulates the maxims of medieval society against the background of hagiographies that were updated for that time.
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King Pest and his theatre Prague. Plague epidemics in early modern-period Prague.
Jarošová, Eva ; Šedivá Koldinská, Marie (advisor) ; Mikulec, Jiří (referee)
In 1348 the plague struck Europe and held it in its grip until the 18th century. The Czech lands were no exception, although regular outbreaks are not reported until after 1348. The disease was caused by yersinia pestis bacteria and transmitted primarily by the common rat. It took three different forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic. The year 1348 marked the most significant outbreak of the pandemic, referred to as the Black Death. However, the infection did not spread significantly to Prague and Bohemia until 1380. The societal crisis caused by the Black Death is reflected in art, particularly the so called Dance of Death and Triumph of Death paintings. Plague columns associated with the cult surrounding anti-plague saints became common sights in Bohemia. St. Maria was universally revered. St. Sebastian, St. Rocco, and St. Rosalie were invoked specifically for protection against the plague. Individual countries also sought protection from their national patrons, such a St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia. In Bohemia, the plague is more commonly associated with modern rather than medieval times. Outbreaks recurred roughly every twelve years. In an effort to curb the epidemic, plague orders were enacted. These documents provided for quarantine measures, the closing of borders, the...
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Anti-Plague texts in the late Middle Ages and the Early modern period.
PAMPUSCHOVÁ, Marie
The theme of this work are late medieval and early modern time anti-plague treatises and official regulations against plague. In times when many countries and even continents were affected by plague, many city councils and rulers themself had the treatises printed in order to reduce the risk of transmission of the infection and development of the illness. The treatises adjusted regulations of towns and villages. These official decrees against plague were supplemented with plague treatises that were written for inhabitants of towns affected by black death. Many of them were written in Latin and therefore incomprehensible to uneducated people. It changed when a doctor Jan Černý wrote such a treatise in Czech language. The treatises advised not only how to prevent plague but also how to treat it. I divided my work into two parts. In the first part I describe particular plague epidemics that took place especially in Bohemia and Moravia. I progressed chronologically from antiquity to the 18th century and described whole course of epidemics in various regions. In the second part I focused mainly on different ways how these treatises deal with prevention and treatment of the disease. I made a comparison of various plague treatises from Prague, České Budějovice and Nepomuk. In order to gather data and informations I focused on historical sources and literature that give us informations from people who had first-hand experience of plague. I do the overall comparison and critique of these sources in seperate chapter. I believe this work can work as an educational material for students and teacher
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