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Improvised explosive devices and their threat for the population
MAIRYCH, Michal
Improvised explosive device (IED), for many a meaningless set of three words, but for professionals who deal with this issue it is a concept related to absolute threat and a significant danger that is not only an emergency situation but also a global problem. IED is a weapon that has become a sheer standard and the most frequently used lethal means in most armed conflicts and wars of drug cartels. However, people do not realize these systems are the destructive agents that destroy houses, tear cars apart and kill people in terrorist attacks. Maybe some people are not familiar with the name - IED, but I am sure that they know the title - which is used by the media. They call it bombings. As I mentioned before, the IED is the biggest killer in today's wars, where the debit attributed not only hundreds or thousands of the dead, wounded and maimed soldiers of the coalition forces but also the bringer of death for dozens of thousands of innocent civilian casualties. IEDs are not only a phenomenon associated with armed conflicts, wars, drug cartels, guerrilla insurgents practices at various locations around the world and a way of terrorist violence, but also means exploited by individuals or groups to commit crime. In the Czech Republic, we can come across with other nomenclature where the professional literature for training of the police bomb squad of the Czech Republic mentions explosive booby traps (hereinafter NVS), and after a few years yet another term appears - an improvised explosive device (hereinafter IVP). In this thesis, however, for the purpose of familiarization with international terminology I will use international names, terms, abbreviations and translations. At the beginning of this thesis, I will briefly deal with the term of IEDs, what they present and what kind of forces should deal with them in the Czech Republic and dismantle them at our homeland or abroad. Furthermore, I present what the subject of this research is. In the theoretical part, I try to draw the reader into a bit of history and to highlight some of the time periods, facts and information that provide a better view and easier understanding of some topics related to the IED. And in a nutshell, I introduce some terrorist and insurgent groups and their way they have been using IEDs in their fight, why and what this usage has brought. Later in this chapter, I mention the basic concepts and their explanations that appear in the thesis. For better understanding I introduce the construction of IED. I describe various basic components of these systems (switch, initiator, power source, main charge, container and enhancement), their categories, types, their description, what they are for, what are the advantages or disadvantages and what kind of IED types they are associated with. In the last section of this chapter I describe specific types of IEDs, I mention their representatives and I describe in detail those that currently pose the greatest threat. I also present categories and types of IED incidents, which the EOD Service of the Police of the Czech Republic (hereinafter PS PČR) and EOD units in the Army of the Czech Republic (hereinafter EOD AČR) have been dealing with.
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Zahraniční politika Baracka Obamy
Pata, Martin ; Dvořáková, Vladimíra (advisor) ; Eichler, Jan (referee)
This thesis examines the foreign policy of the 44th President of the United States of America, Barack Obama. A significant theme of Barack Obama's candidacy for presidency was "change"; more specifically change in policy from previous administration. Therefore, the thesis looks at the changes brought about by President Obama once he was elected. First, we look at foreign policy of the United States under President George W. Bush, then we look at foreign policy-related assertions of Barack Obama during his candidacy, and lastly we look at the actual policies of the new administration, with particular focus on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, drones and extrajudicial killing, Guantanamo detention facility and extraordinary rendition, and NSA surveillance.
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Spreading Problem of HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan
BAKHSHI, Mirwais
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, ?acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? is one of the world?s most serious health and development challenges. Afghanistan faces many challenges such as instability around the country, low literacy levels, high levels of opium production, and a lack of basic infrastructure. The first Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) case was reported in Afghanistan in 1989. Studies on HIV transmission in Afghanistan characterize an epidemic which centers largely around three behaviors such as share dneedles and syringes, unprotected sex with sex workers, and unprotected sex between males. The main aim of my thesis was monitoring the problem of HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan, other accompany in gaims were to describe the current status of HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan, Mapping the knowledge of workers in hairdressers - barbers in center and the region of Kabul, mapping HIV/AIDS knowledge of local physicians in the center and in the region of Kabul.
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Postconflict Reconstruction in Afghanistan from the Point of View of Institutional Economics
Hrušková, Adéla ; Dubský, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Matějka, Zdeněk (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the postconflict reconstruction in Afghanistan from the american invasion in 2001 with the special focus on institutional reforms which were implemented there and whether these reforms caught on and function properly. Firstly, I deal with the conclusions which the theoretics of institutional economics came to regarding the role of institutions in economic development, how economic and political institutions come to existence and develop and if it is possible to change country's instituional environment. The institutions which lead to economic growth are above all equality before law, equality of opportunities, rule of law and free bussiness and trade. However, not all countries developed this optimal instituional framework because of different economic and political history. These countries then suffer from poverty and instability and in many of these cases the international community intervene to change this unfavourable situation. However, as many these unsuccessful interventions show, to change the country's institutional environment is not easy. Spontaneously or from below developed institutions are deeply rooted in society and if they are not in accordance with new institutional reforms, they will probably not function properly or will even lead to opposite results. In the case of Afghanistan, many years of civil war resulted in creation of war economy and total fall of state institutions while this power vacuum wal filled by rise of local warlords who, with the help of armed militias, seized control over number of regions and made a living by illegal trade. The reform process started after the successful military invasion in 2001 and after the fall of Taliban regime with the goal to establish liberal democracy of western type in Afghanistan was not successful. Most of the country is again under the control of Taliban, economy consists mostly of opium growing and illegal trade and the country is still extremely poor and instable and in spite of the change of formal rules actually nothing has changed- Afghanistan is still war economy and fallen state.
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Postconflict Reconstruction in Afghanistan and Contribution of Microfinance
Bizoňová, Jana ; Knotková, Vladimíra (advisor) ; Matějka, Zdeněk (referee)
Despite the huge financial contribution of the international community the postconflict reconstruction in Afghanistan does not proceed within the initial expectations. Due to unstable situation, high level of corruption and inefficient state administration, the help does not flow to the ones, whom it is determined in the first place - the poorest habitants of the country. In this context the microfinance, resp. the microcredits, seem to be the right complementary tool of economic reconstruction as they provide the poorest with the access to the financial resources. The aim of this thesis is to assess, if Afganistan meets pre-defined conditions of a successful implementation of microfinance by using fundamental knowledge of postconflict reconstruction and possible contribution of microfinance.
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Obamova volební témata rok poté
Vágnerová, Natálie ; Dvořáková, Vladimíra (advisor) ; Školkayová, Marta (referee)
The aim of my thesis was to examine in how far Barack Obama was capable to realize his promises he had given to American voters during his electoral campaign. This task were completed in two time lines: Firstly, I focused on realization of his agenda during the fist year in the office. Secondly, I researched how many of the promises and how far did he manage to realize before the Midterm election changed the constitution of the Congress to his disadvantage. To provide a solid analysis, I chose to narrow the topic and concentrated on three spheres only: tax policy, health care reform and foreign policy. However, the last one mentioned was far too extensive, so I selected three main issues Obama was addressing during his campaign: the war in Afghanistan, Iraq and the detention facility in Guantanamo. During the research I examined Obama's promises and actual policies. To illustrate what Obama was getting into I also characterized the situation in the field before his presidency.
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Vulnerable Groups in Afghanistan and Human Rights
Čílová, Zuzana ; Kváča, Vladimír (advisor) ; Knotková, Vladimíra (referee)
My graduation thesis is engaged in vulnerable groups and human rights in Afghanistan. I defined women, children, handicapped and migrants as vulnerable groups. First of all I tried to describe contemporary situation and status of these vulnerable groups in Afghanistan. I tried to refer to all aspects of their vulnerability. In the next part I analyzed the roots of their vulnerability in detail. I concerned on environmental conditions, historic evolution, cultural background, economic development and development and stability of the state. In conclusion I tried to put forward a concept of solution, which should improve the situation of vulnerable groups and human rights in Afghanistan. The main actor of my analysis is a state, which from my point of view is the most important element of the development in Afghanistan. The important part of these questions is a collision of Western and Muslim culture or Afghan culture. This fact means a new very complicated dimension of vulnerable groups and human rights in Afghanistan.
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