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Combustion of Solid Fuels in Rotary Kiln and Influence of their Composition on Emissions
Bojanovský, Jiří ; Jegla, Zdeněk (referee) ; Puchýř, Radim (referee) ; Máša, Vítězslav (advisor)
The work is focused on the study of the influence of solid fuel composition on the formation of pollutants during combustion in a rotary kiln. This is a highly topical issue related to the need to increase the share of alternative fuels as a substitute for fossil ones. The author builds on the research already carried out in this area, defines the basic characteristics of the problem under study and formulates hypotheses based on the summary of the current state of knowledge. The main hypothesis is ("The composition of the solid fuel mixture can be chosen in such a way as to reduce the generation of pollutants.") To verify this hypothesis, the author chooses experimental verification in combustion tests on a semi-operational experimental device. For the combustion tests, it was proposed to extend this equipment with apparatus that allows the evaluation of the fouling rate of heat transfer surfaces and the formation rate of particulate matter pollutants. This equipment was successfully used for combustion tests of 6 selected alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuel RDF, sewage sludge, and forest waste). Based on the combustion tests conducted with these sub-fuels, 6 fuel mixtures with high potential for industrial applications were defined. These mixtures were also burned in a rotary kiln. Based on the results obtained, the main hypothesis of the work was confirmed and the fuel mixture consisting of 70 wt.% forest waste, 20 wt.% RDF and 10 wt.% sewage sludge (MIX 6 in the work) was identified as the most suitable alternative to fossil fuels. This mixture did not show any operational problems and the best results were obtained in the formation of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter. The results of this work are a crucial point in the search for a methodology for the specification of suitable alternative fuel blends for combustion in the energy and manufacturing industries.
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Utilization of waste in the context of current legislative measures and principles of circular economy
Dočekal, Petr ; Vymazal, Petr (referee) ; Chorazy, Tomáš (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the use of selected types of waste under the conditions of current legislation in force in the Czech Republic. It focuses on plastic packaging waste and sewage sludge – waste generated from municipal wastewater treatment. The aim of the work was to process a search of current legislation and strategic documents in the field of waste management in the context of the principles of circular economy and then design and then critical evaluation of the optimal system of utilization of the above waste based on the principles of circular economy. Both its strengths and weaknesses as well as basic economic parameters were described. The first part of the work is a description and current methods of waste management and search for legislation and strategic documents at the EU and Czech level. In the second part, the optimal circulatory method of waste management is designed and evaluated. A delivery system is currently in place for plastic packaging waste. The bachelor work deals with a new system of taking back PET bottles and compares their strengths and weaknesses. For the sewage sludge, drying and subsequent pyrolysis were chosen as the optimal treatment method, which seems to be a very efficient method.
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Risks associated with the use of biochar in the terrestrial ecosystem
Valeeva, Adeliia ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to assess the ecotoxicity of biochar produced from sewage sludge in Ingolstadt. Biochar is one of the carbon storage options and it’s applied to the soil. Biochar has an effect not only on the terrestrial ecosystem in direct contact of organisms with the sample, but also on aquatic in the leaching of substances from biochar into water. Therefore, contact and aquatic tests were chosen to assess the ecotoxicological effect. The representative of the decomposers was the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the primary producer – the plant Lactuca Sativa and the Daphnia magna was chosen from the aquatic organisms. The test results differed slightly, but the lowest negative effect on the test organisms was shown by soil samples with the addition of 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg granular biochar.
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Preprocessing of sewage sludge for pyrolysis process
Ševčík, Jan ; Rusník,, Igor (referee) ; Bodík,, Igor (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
The concept of sludge management at the level of sludge treating technology of sewage treatment plants, as well as at national, continental or world level, requires fundamental improvement in the interest of sustainable development. Sewage sludge production is continuously increasing. Sewage sludge contains a number of pollutants but also a significant renewable resource for material transformation and / or energy recovery. Sewage sludge is composed of an inorganic mineral part and organic components. Its organic part is a source of energy and nutrients, but also contains harmful pollutants for exapmple heavy metals. However, there are technologies that offer the possibility of neutralizing pollutants while using other sludge components in terms of recycling energy, nutrients and other attractive sludge components. The mentioned technologies include mainly thermal methods of sewage sludge treatment and one of them is pyrolysis. Thessis focuses on sewage sludge prepartation for pyrolysis process, which includes mixing with additives and peletization of prepared mixture for purposes of agricultural or energetical utilisation. Technology for material transformation and energy utilization of sewage sludge, in particular the mentioned pyrolysis or torrefaction, require an insignificant degree of detailed research in order to expand it in the field of sludge management. Indeed, it is not only research that will enable direct correct use of this technology in practice. The results of such research are the basis for the drafting of the relevant legislation, which will subsequently enable the deployment of pyrolysis technologies in practice.
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Porovnání metod stanovení biologické spotřeby kyslíku
Šváb, Ondřej
Topic of master thesis is Comparison of methods for determining the biochemical oxygen demand. This thesis is focused on mutual comparison of four analytical methods for determining the biochemical oxygen demand on four different samples of water, matrices. It is described principles of determining methods and procedures that are defining by norms and specific manufacturer practices. The result of thesis is evaluation individual methods, advantages and disadvantages and also comparison of methods in terms of repeatability of results, price, labor intensity and time.
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Studie zhodnocení kalového hospodářství městské čistírny odpadních vod (ČOV)
Koukalová, Dana
Diploma thesis focuses on the evaluation of the sludge management of the municipal sewage treatment plant. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the formation of sewage sludge at WWTPs, composition, properties and possibilities of their treatment, their utilization or subsequent liquidation as well as legislation of the Czech Republic and the European Union. The practical part deals with the technological description of the waste water treatment plant Tišnov Březina and with the wastewater treatment process of the WWTP. Another part of the thesis evaluates the efficiency of the cleaning process and the hydraulic load of the WWTP, describes the operational problems of the technological processes in the waste water treatment, especially the sludge management, and subsequently focuses on the design of measures, which are suitable especially for anaerobic sludge stabilization, biogas production, and last but not least a series of dewatering and drying of sewage sludge.
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Porovnání metod stanovení chemické spotřeby kyslíku
Halm, Jiří
The topic of the thesis is Comparison of methods for determination of chemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen demand is one of the basic indicators of water pollution. It indicates the degree of pollution by organic and oxidizable inorganic substances. The work is focused on comparison of methods, which are commonly used for the determination of COD in wastewater. The methods assessed are the titration method and the spectrophotometric method. The methods are compared on differently loaded samples. The aim of the comparison is to assess the repeatability of the results, the financial costs of the methods, and the labor and time demands.
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Využití elektromigračních metod ke stanovení těžkých kovů v odpadních vodách
Ondračka, Tomáš
The diploma thesis deals with the determination of selected heavy metals in wastewater, while the first part describes electromigration methods and individual heavy metals. In the next part of the thesis is describe, the problems of sewage sludge and methods commonly used for determination of heavy metals in wastewater. The practical part of the thesis describes the development of the electrolyte system together with the use of computer technology. Following is a discussion of the possibility of removing heavy metals from wastewater. In conclusion, the results of heavy metal measurements, comparison with foreign literature and assessment of suitability of the method for analysis of hazardous substances at low concentrations in the environment are presented and commented.
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Hodnocení fytotoxicity kalů z vybraných čistíren odpadních vod
Šindelář, Ondřej
The diploma thesis “The assessment of the phytotoxicity of sludge from selected sewage treatment plants“ deals with the current situation of the sludge treatment and disposal and the assessment of phytotoxicity of sewage treatment sludge. The sewage treatment sludge comes into existence during the process of sewage treatment. Nowadays is sludge landfilling from the point of view of nature protection and according to the legislation on the last place in a way of handling. Additionally, the thesis pays attention to the legislation related to the sewage treatment sludge and also statistical data concerning the production and the way of handling of the sewage treatment sludge. The practical part of the diploma thesis is focused on the description of two sewage treatment plants, namely Třebíč and Náměšť nad Oslavou. Subsequently were made several laboratory experiments with the sewage treatment sludge samples from the mentioned sewage treatment plants. At the sewage treatment sludge samples were assessed the phytotoxicity level by the testing set Phytotoxkit. Specifically was determined an inhibitive/stimulative effect on the growth of the root. The testing plant was a white mustard (Sinapis alba L.).
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Integrated technology for environmentally safe residual plastic waste and sewage sludge disposal
Kadlecová, Petra ; Jecha, David (referee) ; Brummer, Vladimír (advisor)
The existing methods of sewage sludge and non-recyclable plastic waste management turn out to be unsatisfactory in long terms. Landfilling of the high-calorific-value wastes will be lim-ited in near future and the potential soil contamination by some of the sewage sludge contents led to several legislation changes in the field of using the sewage slugde in agriculture. The presented thesis aims to find an integrated solution for sewage sludge and plastic waste with a focus on the possibility of phosphorus recovery from the resulting ash. Based on the study of the available separate solutions and relevant legislative regulations, three variants of possible integration were proposed. Subsequently, the basic energy and material balance of these vari-ants were performed using W2E software.
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