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Je centrální signalizace ghrelinem nezbytná pro odměnu ("reward") navozenou látkami vyvolávajícími závislost?
Urbanová, Daniela ; Hrdina, Radomír (advisor) ; Egecioglu, Emil (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Daniela Urbanová Supervisors: Dr. Elisabet Jerlhag Holm, Ph.D., associate professor Prof. MUDr. Radomír Hrdina, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Is central ghrelin signalling required for reward induced by addictive drugs? Ghrelin increases food intake and appetite, given centrally as well as peripherally. Plasma levels of ghrelin are increased before meals and decreased after meals. It stimulates appetite by acting on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Ghrelin is mainly produced in stomach. This peptide hormone activates the reward system, suggesting that ghrelin may increase the incentive value of motivated behaviours such as food seeking. The central ghrelin signaling system increases natural reward by consumption of food, as well as by using addictive drugs, such as alcohol and also by sucrose. The mechanism of ghrelin how to activate the reward system involves cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanism. Several other neurotransmitter systems, including GABA, NPY and endocannabinoids, regulate the activity of the reward system and therefore the possible ability of ghrelin to activate the reward systems. This was investigated in the present study. The aim of the present study was to...
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Analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster encoding biosynthesis of the manumycin antibiotic U-62162, and the ways of its modification.
Urbanová, Daniela ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Schierová, Michaela (referee)
Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus in the microbial world. Manumycin-type antibiotics are a small group of its metabolites. Their antibiotic activities are not very important but they show biological properties which can be potencially used e. g. to treat inflammation, cancer or Alzheimer's disease. The structure of manumycin compounds is formed by a central unit with connected upper and lower polyketide chain. The lower chain is mostly terminated by so called C5N unit. The substance U-62162 produced by the strain Streptomyces verdensis differs significantly from the other members of the manumycin-type metabolites in the structure of the lower chain which is fully saturated and lacking the C5N unit. The U-62162 biosynthetic gene cluster was sequenced and functions of identified open reading frames were deduced. Heterologous expressions of the cluster showed some genes reguired for the biosynthesis of the upper chain to be encoded on a different part of the chromosome. The insertional inactivation of the vrdER gene confirmed the enoylreductase to be responsible for the saturation of the lower chain. DSBA oxidoreductase, which gene is located at the edge of the cluster, is probably not involved in the biosynthesis. The insertion of genes for the biosynthesis of the C5N unit did...
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Důvody dlouhodobě nízkých úrokových sazeb České národní banky
Urbanová, Daniela
The bachelor thesis deals with the modification of the reaction function of the Czech National Bank by using modified Taylor rule. This rule was introduced in 1993 by US economist John Taylor as a rule of the interest rate. The financial instability is associated with rapid growth of credit activity and rapid growth of asset prices and the period after financial crisis is associated with the reluctance of banks to provide loans. Besides traditional variables of Taylor rule the instability of credit loans provided by commercial banks was included and the effect of this variable on repo rate of the CNB was examined especially after financial crisis. The observed period is from January 2001 to December 2016. The main part of the theoretical part is dedicated to monetary policy of the Czech National Bank and channels of the transmission mechanism, monetary policy rules, the environment of low interest rates in context of liquidity trap and the financial instability.
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Vliv přijetí společné měny euro na export
Urbanová, Daniela
The diploma thesis deals with the impact of euro adoption on export. Two basic channels of an impact of the adoption of the common currency are identified, namely the reduction of the exchange rate risk and the loss of an autonomous monetary policy. The main contribution of the thesis is the application of the exchange rate stability index and the index of monetary independence as variables representing the mentioned channels and the assessment of their impact on exports in the empirical analysis. The regression analysis of the panel data with fixed effects is used because of the heterogeneity of EU states. In addition to the aforementioned indices, a foreign demand and the nominal effective exchange rate are included in the models. The results indicate that the exchange rate stability index and a foreign demand have a positive and statistically significant impact on export. The empirical analysis uses monthly data for 25 countries of the European Union during the period from January 1994 to May 2017.
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Annotated translation of travel guide about Valencia, Madrid 2018
Urbanová, Daniela ; Charvátová, Anežka (advisor) ; Obdržálková, Vanda (referee)
This bachelor thesis is constituted by two main parts. The first one contains a translation of a Spanish travel guide about Valencia and is practically focused. This travel guide was published in 2018 and was written by Pascual Izquierdo. The second part is more theoretical and is dedicated to the analysis of the translation which is divided in three parts - analysis of the original text, translation method and translation problems. Key words: Valencia, travel guide, travelling, Spain, annotated translation, translation of a travel guide
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Synthesis of new water-soluble scavenger for singlet oxygen
Urbanová, Daniela ; Nováková, Veronika (advisor) ; Miletín, Miroslav (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate Daniela Urbanová Supervisor PharmDr. Veronika Nováková, Ph.D. Title of Diploma Thesis Synthesis of new water-soluble scavenger for singlet oxygen Scavengers are compounds that scavenge, remove or quench desirable or undesirable products in reactions. They scavenge a singlet oxygen generated in photosenzitized reactions and form corresponding products. The singlet oxygen is then detected on the bases of resulting products and quantum yield of singlet oxygen production is determined. Selectivity to a singlet oxygen and forming stable products are required features of all scavengers. The hydrophilic character of scavengers is a great advantage because of the possibility to perform experiments in aqueous, i.e. biologically friendly, medium. Uncharged hydrophilic scavengers are highly appreciated because cationic and anionic scavengers might interact with the molecule for which quantum yield of singlet oxygen is measured. The goal of the thesis was to prepare an uncharged hydrophilic scavenger - a derivate of anthracene. This compound was designed by combining several known structural elements. The bromination of 9,10-dimethylanthacene was the first step of the...
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Analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster encoding biosynthesis of the manumycin antibiotic U-62162, and the ways of its modification.
Urbanová, Daniela ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Schierová, Michaela (referee)
Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus in the microbial world. Manumycin-type antibiotics are a small group of its metabolites. Their antibiotic activities are not very important but they show biological properties which can be potencially used e. g. to treat inflammation, cancer or Alzheimer's disease. The structure of manumycin compounds is formed by a central unit with connected upper and lower polyketide chain. The lower chain is mostly terminated by so called C5N unit. The substance U-62162 produced by the strain Streptomyces verdensis differs significantly from the other members of the manumycin-type metabolites in the structure of the lower chain which is fully saturated and lacking the C5N unit. The U-62162 biosynthetic gene cluster was sequenced and functions of identified open reading frames were deduced. Heterologous expressions of the cluster showed some genes reguired for the biosynthesis of the upper chain to be encoded on a different part of the chromosome. The insertional inactivation of the vrdER gene confirmed the enoylreductase to be responsible for the saturation of the lower chain. DSBA oxidoreductase, which gene is located at the edge of the cluster, is probably not involved in the biosynthesis. The insertion of genes for the biosynthesis of the C5N unit did...
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Je centrální signalizace ghrelinem nezbytná pro odměnu ("reward") navozenou látkami vyvolávajícími závislost?
Urbanová, Daniela ; Hrdina, Radomír (advisor) ; Egecioglu, Emil (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Daniela Urbanová Supervisors: Dr. Elisabet Jerlhag Holm, Ph.D., associate professor Prof. MUDr. Radomír Hrdina, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Is central ghrelin signalling required for reward induced by addictive drugs? Ghrelin increases food intake and appetite, given centrally as well as peripherally. Plasma levels of ghrelin are increased before meals and decreased after meals. It stimulates appetite by acting on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Ghrelin is mainly produced in stomach. This peptide hormone activates the reward system, suggesting that ghrelin may increase the incentive value of motivated behaviours such as food seeking. The central ghrelin signaling system increases natural reward by consumption of food, as well as by using addictive drugs, such as alcohol and also by sucrose. The mechanism of ghrelin how to activate the reward system involves cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanism. Several other neurotransmitter systems, including GABA, NPY and endocannabinoids, regulate the activity of the reward system and therefore the possible ability of ghrelin to activate the reward systems. This was investigated in the present study. The aim of the present study was to...
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Role of MDR transporters in yeast biofilm resistance
Urbanová, Daniela ; Palková, Zdena (advisor) ; Seydlová, Gabriela (referee)
This work is focused on multidrug resistance transporters (MDR) and their role in the drug resistance of yeast biofilms. Biofilms are structured microbial communities that are markedly different from planktonic cells. Biofilm cells produce extracellular matrix and display other typical characteristics related to their enormous resistance to antimicrobial agents. MDR pumps contribute to higher resistance of biofilms only during early phases of biofilm development; later, MDR pumps are substituted by many other mechanisms. Cdr1p, Cdr2p and Mdr1p are the most important MDR transporters of Candida albicans. Cdr1p and Cdr2p cause resistance to azoles - fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole, which have been widely used as drugs against yeast infections. Mdr1p contributes also to the resistance to fluconazole. Drug resistance causes considerable problems in the treatment of fungal infections. For this reason, it is so important to understand drug-resistance mechanisms of yeast communities. Keywords: resistance, MDR transporters, Candida albicans, biofilms
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The effect of castration method of pigs on growth, carcass value and pork quality
Chalupa, Josef ; Okrouhlá, Monika (advisor) ; Urbanová, Daniela (referee)
This thesis describes the issue related to the influence of pigs castration methods on their growth, slaughter value and meat quality. Nowadays, it is legal the surgical castration within anaesthesia in young boards, younger than 7 days. This method is the most used by pig breeders for several reasons, but especially it is neither financially or time demanding. Even though this surgical invention should be performed by veterinarian, but due to it simplicity it is performed by educated farm workers in practice.
The problem will occur in 2018. In this year the surgical castration without anaesthesia will be prohibited because of animal pain and the effort to improve animal welfare.
The main reason of piglet castration is the boar taint, which is connected to sexual maturation and hormone activity. The main substances, which caused the boar taint, are androstenone, skatole and indole. Androstenone is a steroid hormone produced in the testis with the typical urine like odor. Skatole is the substance with fecal odor and it is produced in the hind gut. Another reason for piglet castration is higher activity, even aggression in
non-castrated pigs. The aggression is a negative effect causes injuries between animals. The next negative effect is the aggression against breeders.
Based on these facts, there are numerous studies focused on possible solutions of this problem. There are describes surgical castration with local or total analgesia. The most practical, seems to be the local analgesia. Another method is the immune castration, where it is based on the hormone castration. There are applied 2 injections with the time lag. The first is applied in 13 to 16 weeks old pigs, the second in 21 to 22 weeks old pigs.
The alternative method for relieving the pain is the boar fattening, where is important to decreased the aggression and level of boar taint by different methods. One of the methods is fattening pigs to lower slaughter weight (between 80 to 90 kg), or the breed choice. An interesting method is also sperm sexing, where is an effort for the highest female production. However, this method is not relevant for everyday practice, due to its difficulty.
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