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Natorp's System of the Syntetic Function of Reason and Theory of Number
Janda, Pavel ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Bartoň, Petr (referee)
Presented paper is concerned with Paul Natorp's system of the synthetic function of the reason and its influence on the theory of number. I will try to show that present system of the number theory suffers from some significant drawbacks and Natorp's theory may be able to amend them. Natorp elaborates his theory on the basis of Kantian categorical system and Kant's transcendental philosophy. In my paper, I would like to achieve two goals. Firstly, I would like to support Natorp's statement that we need to be concerned with the logical system of our concept's originating. Secondly, I will try to defend Natorp's theory against accusations of psychologism.
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Essays on Economic Behaviour
Hudík, Marek ; Kadeřábková, Božena (advisor) ; Pavlík, Ján (referee) ; Boettke, Peter (referee)
The main thesis of these essays is that social phenomena are different from psychological phenomena and thus social sciences do not belong to behavioural sciences. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental problem of the rational choice theory ("Macaulay's problem"): either the theory is empirical and false or it is without empirical content and true. Various suggested solutions to this problem are reviewed and criticized. It is argued that the problem is evaded once it is admitted that rational choice theory does not attempt to explain behaviour. It was developed to explain decreasing individual demand and its extension to behavioural sciences is illegitimate. In Chapter 2 the difference between the interpretation of rationality in choice theory and demand theory is shown. It is argued that choice theory must adopt the agent's point of view, while demand theory proceeds from the point of view of an observer. Chapter 3 applies the argument to the problem of indifference ("Nozick's problem"): it claims that choice theory must adopt strict ordering of alternatives because indifference is already accounted for in the description of the choice alternatives. The difference between the consumer perception and the objective price-quantity relation embodied in the demand function is further explored in Chapter 4 on the example of the Rothbardian demand theory. It is argued that the law of marginal utility defined in terms of subjective units (i.e. units relevant to the consumer) does not imply nonincreasing demand. Chapter 5 is complementary to the previous and attempts to answer the question, whether the concept of marginal utility is compatible with ordinalism. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses on the methodological level the difference between behavioural sciences and economics. It argues that the difference can be conveniently described with the help of Popper's concepts of 'World 2'and 'World 3'.
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Entropic Degeneration of Democracy
Bernat, Lukáš ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Šalamon, Tomáš (referee)
Democracy is always included in the discourse ?ver the theme of freedom and it is almost always considered an integral part of social order. In this context, it is a balance between freedom and power. Such discourses, however, view democracy as a political ideal and the real applications often run into democratic influences and social barriers of degenerative nature. These barriers leave nothing but the torso under the formal guise of democratic principles. This thesis unravels the influences and barriers that interfere with the application of the ideal of democracy. In this context, the technological development with which the dynamics of both social and political order changes, cannot be ignored. Based on the pieces of information about what kind of threat the degenerative effects of democracy represent, the thesis searches for such attributes, on the basis of which it is possible to construct a model of the entropic degeneration of democracy.
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Natural and Artificial Life
Noska, Martin ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Petrášek, František (referee)
This thesis is about similarities and differences between natural and artificial life. It examines how a combination of insight from the disciplines of computer science and philosophy can be used to address this issue. By applying the principles of evolution to artificial life, the paper shows the perspectives of this life form and its implications for mankind. Human history contains many attempts at constructing artificial creatures; however, this dream only became reality with the advent of digital computers. Although artificial life is built on different principles than natural life, is better to view both as complementary rather than as opposites. It is possible to speculate on symbiosis between artificial and natural elements and on the formation of hybrid life forms that combine features from both worlds. Artificial life is not dependent on biological cycles and its evolution can proceed much faster. It has the potential to overcome the necessity of death, which is characteristic of all biological entities. If we compare the intelligence of machines to that of natural organisms, it is possible to identify the differences between them. Machine intelligence has the potential to create artificial collective intelligence through computer networks that exceed the level of separate entities. Simple forms of artificial life, identifiable at present, will evolve in coming decades and raise a number of unsolved questions (i.e. ethical concerns). These issues are and will remain current.
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Neuroeconomics
Houdek, Petr ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Bartoň, Petr (referee)
This thesis deals with current discourse whether methods of neuroscience generate useful tools for standard economics to understand, predict and ideally guide behavior of humans, social groups and the whole economies. An initial methodological analysis concluded that the usefulness of neuroeconomics is still only potential, since this approach is not able to answer substantial questions of economics in better way than tools existing. Following sections of thesis summarized representative research in the field of decision neuroscience in the areas of intertemporal decisions, decision-making under risk and uncertainty and the strategic interactions, and social preferences respectively. It has been demonstrated that many findings of decision neuroscience offer a partial confirmation of specific economic models already or provide inspiration for creating new ones.
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Czech economic thinking contribution to apriorism in economics
Vaverka, Tomáš ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Lipka, David (referee)
Apriorism in Economic methodology is known especially as a specific method of Austrian economists whose basic definition established L.v.Mises in his Magnus Opus ¨Human Action¨ [1949]. It is less famous that Englis's Teleology and Mises's Praxeology are grounded on similar philospher principles. Political development after 1948 in Czech Republic has broken possible and deeper interaction between this economics schools. This work will follow this interrelationship. It will describe apriorism of Karel Englis and apriorism of his pupil Jan Loevenstein along with relation to Austrian apriorism, let us say Mises's Praxeology. It will be emphasized especially contributions and challenges witch Czech apriorism should contribute to apriorism in economics.
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The invisible hand of market: Adam Smith and G. W. F. Hegel
Krištofóry, Tomáš ; Pavlík, Ján (advisor) ; Lipka, David (referee)
Hayek's interpretation of Smith's invisible hand as a metaphor for the theory of spontaneous order still holds as the only authentic interpretation of that famous phrase, despite all criticism. Although not many authors noticed it, Hegel was a theorist of spontaneous order, namely also a theorist of the spontaneous order of market economy. There is evidence that Hegel followed here Adam Smith's teachings about the invisible hand. The invisible hand is present in Hegel's writings as an element, from what sprang his theory of spirit. That means that his theory of spirit is a general theory of spontaneous order, although written in metaphysical manner. However, being a theorist of spontaneous order didn't prevent him from being an interventionist. He was led to interventionism by his synoptic fallacy of mind. He never tried to apply this fallacy on the studies of the market economy. Marxists did that. Some of recent scholars (Sciabarra, Johnson, and Cristi) identified Hegel's theory of spontaneous order, but their interpretation wasn't perfectly in accordance with Hegel's texts. How these authors denied Popper's and Hayek's incorrect opinion that Hegel was a totalitarian, thus it is needed to enrich studies of mentioned current scholars. Here it is taken into account only what Hegel wrote, not later authors about him. This thesis is also an attempt to evaluate the history of economic thought from the standpoint of Smith's and Hegel's methodology.
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Účtování a vykazování zásob na příkladu konkrétního podniku
Pavlík, Jan ; Procházka, David (advisor)
Práce je zaměřena na důležitou oblast v účetnictví ? na zásoby. Skládá se ze dvou větších celků. První část řeší problematiku zásob na teoretické úrovni. Je zde popsána definice, účtování, vykazování a evidence zásob obecně i podle platné české účetní legislativy. Druhá část se soustředí na konkrétní obchodní firmu. Na příkladu této firmy jsou popsány účetní postupy související se zásobami, které firma pořizuje, skladuje a prodává.
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