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The Naturalization of Consciousness and the Meaning of Subjectivity
Toráčová, Pavla ; Moural, Josef (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...
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Information system for educational agencies
Marván, Tomáš ; Bednárek, David (advisor) ; Zavoral, Filip (referee)
The goal of this work is to implement an internet and intranet information system for registering lectors and students in an educational agency, together with their abilities, requirements, time possibilities etc. The system allows all the administrator, lectors and students to enter data. The entered data are liable to validation by the administrator. The system is able to partly automate administrator's tasks within pairing of lectors and students according to the entered information.
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The rise and fall of Russell's 1910-1913 theory of judgment and Wittgenstein's philosphical beginnings
Soutor, Milan ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
Russellovi občas bývá jízlivě vyčítáno, že střídal filosofické pozice "jako ponožky," mám-li to říci skutečně jízlivě. Když se dozvídáme o jeho manuskriptech a o skutečnostech, že zatímco zastával jistou filosofickou pozici, již nenápadně a do šuplíku psal texty, kde načrtával alternativní teorie (a přesně takto to bylo s Wittgensteinem vyvrácenou teorií soudu), tento tvůrčí potenciál nás skutečně může udivovat, někdy zase mást, když se pokoušíme v jeho díle zorientovat. Příčiny překotného vývoje jeho filosofie ovšem spíše než v jeho povaze spočívaly v osobách, které měl štěstí potkat a kterým dal prostor do svého vývoje zasáhnout. Vždyť Russell byl na začátku své kariéry přesvědčený Hegelián. Poté, co se setkal s filosofickými názory G. E. Moora, nadšeně je přijal za své a rozvíjel dál ve vztahu k matematice. Podobného rázu bylo i Russellovo setkání s Wittgensteinem, které ovšem jak dokládá korespondence nebylo ve svém důsledku vůbec příjemné. Velice zajímavé na jeho teorii soudu je skutečnost, že tato teorie nebyla libovolným výtvorem, ale sledovala konkrétní problém, který uměla, jak jsem doufám přesvědčil čtenáře, řešit. Můžeme se tedy ptát - a to už může být předmětem další studie - zda Wittgensteinova "korektní teorie propozic," která našla své vyjádření v TLP, řeší Russellovy původní problémy, nebo...
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Hare's thesis as a logical and philosophical problem
Luhan, Martin ; Svoboda, Vladimír (advisor) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
Title: Hare's thesis as a logical and philosophical problem Author: Martin Luhan Department: Department of Logic Supervisor: PhDr. Vladimír Svoboda, CSc. Abstract: The present work is aiming to analyse the problem of inferring from impe- rative premisses to an indicative conclusion which goes by the name Hare's Thesis. The logical analysis of the language of morals was the basis of Richard M. Hare's ethical studies. Therefore a brief presentation of his philosophy is given followed by a detailed walkthrough of his way of dealing with impera- tives. Hare states that logic should be interested in dealing with prescriptive sentences. The paper also presents a selection of some of the semantics of logic of imperatives and some of their fundamental problems. Based on this we finally analyse whether the Hare's Thesis which forbids inferring from im- perative premisses to indicative conclusions is acceptable. And we conclude that in most cases it is reasonable to reject it. Keywords: Logic of imperatives, Hare's Thesis, deontic logic, metaethics
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Radical interpretation, truth, objectivity
Vašíček, Jan ; Koťátko, Petr (advisor) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
Nobody can be wrong in majority of his beliefs about the world. What reasons has Donald Davidson for this claim? This paper is concerned with the connection between three important topics in Davidson's thought - radical interpretation, truth and objectivity. The experiment of radical interpretation is supposed to show the basic conditions of communication. On the basis thus provided, it will be possible to show, after a short summary of flaws in other theories, why we can talk about objective and non-epistemic truth. The relation between truth and knowledge can be specified by the same token. By means of inquiring into the way of how contents of our beliefs emerge, thoughts about the objective world will be shown to fundamentally depend on the social basis of intercommunicating people. This will also contain Davidson's argument against global scepticism. Using firstly the not entirely satisfying "omniscient interpreter" example and then the concept of triangulation, it will be specified what sense has objectivity for Davidson and to which extent is it justified to label him as realist.
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Rights of the victims of crimes and options of their employment during the criminal proceesings
Marvan, Tomáš ; Jelínek, Jiří (advisor) ; Vanduchová, Marie (referee)
Rights of the victims of crimes and options of their employment during the criminal proceedings Abstract This master's thesis inquires into crime victims' rights, their status in the criminal proceedings and actual employability of their guaranteed rights. It contains a brief history of development of the legislative concerning the topic. My thesis comes to a conclusion that especially in the last fifty years, the status and range of crime victims' rights has been constantly improving. Crime victim is becoming less and less just a bearer of evidence of the crime and is more and more becoming an active subject of the criminal proceedings, on which they also have their interest. With the passing of the new Crime Victims' Rights Act, the Czech legal system was enriched by a wide array of victims' rights that provides special care and approach from the state and its authorities. In the heart of the new act is the victim as a target of an undeserved attack in the form of a crime and as such is entitled to help. Necessary help provided to the victim is not only specialized psychological and social assistance, but also straightforward financial help and a kind and understanding approach. One of the main goals of the Crime Victims' Rights Act is prevention and protection from the secondary victimization, which is...
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Manipulation and moral responsibility
Kalivodová, Hana ; Marvan, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
In recent philosophy debates, conflicting views persist on the influence of manipulation on moral responsibility of individuals. One side sees manipulation as not different from any other deterministic environmental influence on the agent, others advocate for historicism - the idea of deviant causal route - if manipulation is present in the agent's history. Historicist account of moral responsibility is based on disruption of natural development, but this may not be trivial to detect in cases of covert non-constraining control and social conditioning. In addition, opinions on the resulting responsibility of the agent are influenced by intuitions on her identity, locus of control and nature of motivating reasons. The aim of this thesis is to map the recent debate and identify the factors playing the role while searching for the borderline of responsibility of the manipulated agent. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Naturalizing the Unity of Consciousness: can neuroscience explain a fundamental feature of subjectivity?
Vraný, Martin ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee) ; Ward, David (referee)
Naturalizing the Unity of Consciousness: can neuroscience explain a fundamental feature of subjectivity? Martin Vraný Abstract The aim of the dissertation is to analyze the concept of the unity of conscious- ness as an explanandum for natural sciences and assess how good an explanation do leading neuroscientific theories of consciousness provide. The motivation be- hind this project is the idea that it is the unity which poses the greatest challenge for the scientific quest for consciousness. I argue in the Introduction that the reason why some theories of consciousness lead to what Dennett calls Cartesian materialism is precisely because they fail to address the problem of the unity of consciousness. If we had a good understanding of the unity of consciousness and its place in nature, we could more easily avoid the tendency to devise accounts of consciousness that are homuncular in disguise. In chapter 2 I analyze various aspects in which consciousness is thought be unified and conclude that two such aspects are particularly challenging for natu- ralizing the unity and that they cannot be treated separately. They are the unity of conscious contents at a time and the unity in the sense of a single subject having conscious contents and being able to reflect on them. Chapter 3 describes main conceptual and...
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The Naturalization of Consciousness and the Meaning of Subjectivity
Toráčová, Pavla ; Moural, Josef (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...
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Rule-following
Jelačič, Josef ; Koťátko, Petr (advisor) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
Following any rule is not possible without some external instance of a jury that can evaluate if anyone (other than himself) acts according to a rule or against it. This work compares different perspectives on the issue of "rule following" and bounding a meaning. It progressively elaborates toward the theories explicitly built on social interaction and psychological terms, where the world is much more analysed by linguistic feeling of an individual, rather than towards a single objective theory of meaning that can clearly decide what is right and what is not. Accumulated findings are then used in the mind experiment that attempts to outline the idea of the world operating on the basis of relatively related processes taking place at different levels of perception, and to point out the possibility of creating complex structures based on the repetition of simple and obvious rules.
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