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Deception techniques in data visualization
Augulis, David ; Děchtěrenko, Filip (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Klíčová slova (anglicky): Data visualization, deception, deceptive techniques, graphs, interventions, visual literacy Abstract (in English): Deceptive data visualization techniques are an increasingly emerging phenomenon. Previously, even simple visualizations were so costly and labor-intensive to create that one could rely on the authority of their creators. However, this is no longer true and anyone with access to a computer and the Internet is able to create an unprecedented number of visualizations, some of them deceptive, intentionally or not. Visual literacy is not part of basic education, and so most people have no way to defend themselves against them. In this bachelor thesis, we summarize existing knowledge regarding deceptive techniques and research areas that clarify how visualizations can be deceptive. In the practical part, we measured the effect size of 9 deceptive techniques, 5 of which have not yet been tested on a sample of university students (N=724). We also investigated how this deceptiveness is modified by the presence of a one-time textual intervention, for which we created several levels, increasing in their detail. At the same time, we also measured the visual literacy of all participants and observed whether the level of this ability affected the effect of deceptive techniques. A...
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Effect of Screen Size on Boundary Extension
Šimčík, Natálie ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Děchtěrenko, Filip (referee)
When observing and remembering a scene, memory errors can occur, one of them being the boundary extension. This cognitive phenomenon causes people to remember parts of the scenes that might be present just beyond the boundaries of a presented scene but were not actually seen by the observer. Thesis focuses on the aspect possibly affecting the boundary extension, precisely the screen size, which was linked to cognitive phenomena such as memory or attention in previous studies. First part of the thesis consists of a theoretical overview introducing the scene perception topic and mapping the boundary extension findings. Second part of the thesis describes the experiment results to investigate whether screen size affects the boundary extension. No significant effect on measured boundary extension was found in two selected screen sizes, mobile and desktop. Keywords boundary extension, screen size, cognitive psychology, scene perception
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Memory Functions in Children with Intellectual Disability
Hanzlíčková, Lucie ; Maulisová, Alice (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis called Memory functions in children with intellectual dissability is devoted to mapping cognitive functions, specifically with a focus on memory functions in children with diagnostically confirmed the mild mental retardation. The origin of the thesis is associated and based on the standardization of incipient Neuropsychological Battery for Children (NB-C) and with the necessity to validate the method in different clinical groups. The aim was to assess how children with cognitive deficits, especially with the mild mental retardation, react and score in the memory's subtests. The main goal of this thesis is to assess the level of memory functions of these children. Furthermore, attention is focused on the comparison of key memory's domains based on the administration of the Neuropsychological Battery for Children and the inteligence test WISC- III in comparison with a comparative group of children without cognitive deficits. The theoretical and literary review section is focused on three key areas. The first of them presents the topic of memory, its distribution within the framework of the processes and systems, currently diagnostic methods, and also the development of memory functions. The following chapter focuses on disorders of the intellect, the terminological background of...
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Emotion Recognition based on Visual and Auditory Cues
Hrdličková, Kristýna ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
In its theoretical part, this paper examines the ability to recognize emotions and its ontogenetic development across modalities, including the influences affecting this ability. Attention is paid to the most used research designs and stimulus selection. It also presents findings on possible sensory dominance in children. The method and results of the quantitative research conducted are also described. Children aged 4-7 years (N = 18), 8-11 years (N = 18) and adults (N = 24) participated in the experiment. They were sequentially presented with four blocks of emotional stimuli depicting the emotions of joy and fear: separate video recordings of facial expressions; separate audio recordings of sentences in English; simultaneously video and audio recordings with instructions to ignore the video; and simultaneously video and audio recordings with instructions to ignore the audio. The groups did not differ in their ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions (in both the unimodal and multimodal conditions) and emotions from voice in the congruent multimodal condition. Younger children were less successful than older children and adults in recognizing emotions from voice in the unimodal condition, and younger children and older children were less successful than adults in recognizing emotions...
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Space maps for human-like agents
Kotrla, Jakub ; Brom, Cyril (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The goal of this thesis is to create model of spatial map for human-like agent living in virtual world. The model will increase agent's ability to mimic some aspects of human behaviour. These includes inaccuracy of spatial memories, gradual learning and forgetting. In thesis we introduce model based on results of research of places cells. Spatial map consists of nodes that are at rst distributed uniformly in the world. Virtual agent wanders through world and perceive surrounding objects. Spatial map gradually changes distribution of nodes in world according to agent's perceptions. Model is able to recognize areas with higher count of objects and create concepts of places. Algorithms of model are described including their time complexity. Model was implemented in Python and tested. At the end of thesis we present several possible extensions and future work.
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Modelling eye movements during Multiple Object Tracking
Děchtěrenko, Filip ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Toth, Peter Gabriel (referee)
In everyday situations people have to track several objects at once (e.g. driving or collective sports). Multiple object tracking paradigm (MOT) plausibly simulate tracking several targets in laboratory conditions. When we track targets in tasks with many other objects in scene, it becomes difficult to discriminate objects in periphery (crowding). Although tracking could be done only using attention, it is interesting question how humans plan their eye movements during tracking. In our study, we conducted a MOT experiment in which we presented participants repeatedly several trials with varied number of distractors, we recorded eye movements and we measured consistency of eye movements using Normalized scanpath saliency (NSS) metric. We created several analytical strategies employing crowding avoidance and compared them with eye data. Beside analytical models, we trained neural networks to predict eye movements in MOT trial. The performance of the proposed models and neuron networks was evaluated in a new MOT experiment. The analytical models explained variability of eye movements well (results comparable to intraindividual noise in the data); predictions based on neural networks were less successful.
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Comparison of scan patterns in dynamic tasks
Děchtěrenko, Filip ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Nyström, Marcus (referee) ; Paluš, Milan (referee)
Eye tracking is commonly used in many scientific fields (experimental psychology, neuroscience, behavioral economics, etc.) and can provide us with rigorous data about current allocation of attention. Due to the complexity of data processing and missing methodology, experimental designs are often limited to static stimuli; eye tracking data is analyzed only with respect to basic types of eye movements - fixation and saccades. In dynamic tasks (e.g. with dynamic stimuli, such as showing movies or Multiple Object Tracking task), another type of eye movement is commonly present: smooth pursuit. Importantly, eye tracking data from dynamic tasks is often represented as raw data samples. It requires a different approach to analyze the data, and there are a lot of methodological gaps in analytical tools. This thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, we gave an overview of current methods for analyzing scan patterns, followed by four simulations, in which we systematically distort scan patterns and measure the similarity using several commonly used metrics. In the second part, we presented the current approaches to statistical testing of differences between groups of scan patterns. We present two novel strategies for analyzing statistically significant differences between groups of scan patterns and...
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Cognitive Mechanisms Associated with Proneness to Halutinations
Say, Nicolas ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Raudenská, Jaroslava (referee)
Hallucinations are often seen as a serious symptom of mental illness. Nonetheless, recent decades have produced a body of evidence that documented the presence of hallucinations even in non-clinical samples. Therefore, focusing on these samples is critical for improving understanding of processes underlying auditory hallucinations. The present study examines cognitive mechanisms that have been proposed to influence proneness to auditory hallucinations. A battery of experimental measures is implemented to assess some of the mechanisms implicated in the aetiology of hallucinations. Source monitoring, cognitive inhibition, bottom-up processes, working memory and traumatic experiences were measured in a laboratory study of 52 participants. Findings suggest that proneness to hallucinations is associated with impaired top-down processing and early traumatic experiences. No association between other cognitive mechanisms and hallucination proneness, contrary to previous evidence, has been found. This indicates that impaired source memory, working memory and bottom-up processing impairments might distinguish clinical and non-clinical hallucinators. An alternative implication of these findings points at issues with reproducibility in the hallucination research. Keywords: Auditory verbal hallucinations,...
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