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Body composition changes during lactation in breastfeeding women
Flanderová, Dana ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Kovařík, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of the work was to evaluate significant changes in body composition in Czech breastfeeding women during lactation and to confront them with the already available results of other similar studies. For this purpose, 10 female participants of the longitudinal study were selected. Body composition was determined by bioimpedance spectroscopy with a Fresenius Body Composition Monitor. Furthermore, anthropometric methods were used to evaluate the basic body parameters and compare their dependent loss with the values measured by BCM. The measurement was repeated in four periods - 3 weeks, 3 months, 6, and 9 months after delivery. During the observed period, an overall decrease in median weight of 4,2 kg was observed in lactating women. The median weight 9 months postpartum was still 1,2 kg greater than the median weight before pregnancy. No statistically significant differences in body composition were found during lactation. Human milk volume correlated positively with age of women (p = 0,0404; r = 0,3386), negatively with calf circumference (p = 0,0313; r = -0,3545), chin skinfold (p = 0,0198; r = -0,3816), triceps skinfold (p = 0,0905; r = -0,3302), LTI (p = 0,0216; r = -0,3767) and Cm (p = 0,0490; r = -0,3260). Correlations were also found between milk volume and some values needed to calculate...
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Association of phase angle with dynamometric and spirometric parameters in patients with COPD.
Binderová, Magdalena ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Rejmanová, Anna (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Mgr. Magdalena Binderová Supervisor: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of Thesis: Association of phase angle with dynamometric and spirometric parameters in patients with COPD. Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease with extrapulmonary comorbidities which have a significant impact on the quality of patients' life, their mortality and morbidity. Loss of muscle strength and dysfunction of the peripheral skeletal muscle fibres are considered as one of the crucial system consequences of COPD. For the purposes of the clinical evaluation of muscle strength, dynamometers can be used. Spirometry is regarded as a gold standard for the diagnosis. In this thesis, we focused on association of the dynamometric and spirometric parameters with the detected values of the phase angle (PA) measured by means of the bioimpedance analysis in COPD patients. Methods: Our study was based on a sample of 50 COPD patients (38 men, 12 women) of the average age of 66 years ± 7 years. According to the measured values of PA, the patients were divided into 2 groups: a group with low PA value (PA < 5ř; n=17) and a group with normal value (PA ≥ 5ř; n=33). The monitored...
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The association of energy intake and parameters of energy metabolism in pregnant and lactating women
Danielisová, Monika ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Hronek, Miloslav (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Monika Danielisová Supervisor: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph. D. Title of master thesis: The association of energy intake and parameters of energy metabolism in pregnant and lactating women Background: The objective of this study was to compare changes in metabolism during pregnancy and lactation and evaluate the relationship between energy intake (as well as macronutrients intake - saccharides, lipides and proteins) and parameters of energy metabolism. Methods: Method of indirect calorimetry was used to assess the parameters of energy metabolism. In order to evaluate protein oxidation, it was necessary to establish the amount of waste nitrogen, which was measured from 24-hour collection of urine. Energy and macronutrients intake were calculated in NutriDan software based on data from 7 days questionary. Results: Most significant differences in measured volume of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were observed between the period of 3rd and 6th month after delivery and in all 3 measurements throughout pregnancy. The average of predicted resting energy expenditure at the end of pregnancy was 1596 ± 146 kcal/day, which increase to 106 ± 9 %. This declined after 6th month...
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Resting energy expenditure during lacatation.
Klečka, Michal ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Kovařík, Miroslav (referee)
Background The aim of diploma thesis was to evaluate resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation in Czech lactating women and their relation to measured anthropometric parameters. Methods The indirect calorimetry was used to asses REE. Subsequently, the oxidation of substrates was calculated. At the same time were measured anthropometric parameters of breastfeeding women. Then the correlation was investigated. The total amount of examination were three times. First was in the time three weeks after birth, the second one was three months postpartum and the last was six months after birth. Results The mean values of REE in lactating women were 1577±93 kcal/day in the time of three weeks after birth. Three months after birth it was 1622±140 kcal/day. Six months after birth it was 1545±80 kcal/day. Significant positive correlation was proved between REE and triceps skinfold thickness (r = 0,98; P < 0,05) and also chest circumference (r = 0,99; P < 0,05). Both were three weeks after birth. Breastfeeding women had a value of lipid oxidation 60 % of substrate oxidation three weeks postpartum, which decreased to 46 % three months postpartum due to sharp increase (from 8 % to 18 %) of carbohydrate oxidation value. This increase could correspond to the preferential use of glucose by the mammary...
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Protein and amino acid metabolism in protein catabolic states - effect of leucine metabolites
Kovařík, Miroslav ; Holeček, Milan (advisor) ; Farghali, Hassan (referee) ; Hlúbik, Pavol (referee)
Protein catabolism and muscle wasting are basic features characterizing the complex metabolic syndrome, called cachexia, which is a severe complication of many diseases, in whose pathogenesis are often participant the systemic inflammatory response and endotoxemia. Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) are not only an important substrate for protein synthesis, but they are also involved in the regulation of protein metabolism, insulin synthesis and secretion, and serve as the source of amino group in the alanine and glutamine formation in the muscle. Not only leucine but also some of its metabolites, - ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) and -hydroxy--methylbutyrate (HMB), have protein anabolic activity and thus some of leucine effects could be induced by these metabolites. In the last years there is paid attention to the HMB, which is used as a supplement for athletes and tested for its potential use in cachexia treatment. The aim of our experiments was to study: 1) endotoxin-induced effect on metabolism of proteins and amino acids in different types of skeletal muscle and the dose dependence of these changes; 2) effects of selected leucine metabolites (KIC and HMB) on the metabolism of proteins and amino acids - in different types of skeletal muscle; under in vivo and in vitro...
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Sexual dimorphism of rat gut microbiota composition and intestinal immunity
Kalousová, Pavla ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Candidate: Pavla Kalousová Supervisor: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title: Sexual dimorphism of rat gut microbiota composition and intestinal immunity Background and Aim: Many factors can influence the composition of gut microbiota and the immune system. It is well-known that one of those factors is sex. This sexual dimorphism can lead to a specifically adjusted treatment of diseases for different gender and nutritional interventions. This study focuses on analysing sexual differences in gut microbiota and intestinal immunity in adult rats. Methods: Caecal content from 12-week-old female and male Wistar rats were collected and analysed by DNA-sequencing technique to characterize microbiota composition. ELISA test was performed to quantify the concentration of IgA in faeces and gut wash. Flow cytometry determined the concentration of IgA-coating bacteria in faecal samples. Results: Metagenomic analysis revealed that female gender presents 1 phylum, 4 families, 13 genera, and 13 species which are not present in male rats. Only one male-specific colonization was observed at the species level. Quantitative analysis showed a higher proportion of Firmicutes phylum in males which was associated with...
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The nitrogen balance evaluation at ventilated polytrauma patients in ICU.
Slováková, Tereza ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Kovařík, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nutritional support on energy expenditure and nutritional substrates oxidation, focused on proteins and nitrogen balance, in ventilated polytraumatized patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit. The study was performed on 15 critically ill patients (12 men and 3 women), their average age was 43,6 ± 17,5 years. 7 patients were examinated without nutritional support, 8 patients were examinated after administration of hypocaloric nutritional support. The examination of fasting patients was conducted after at least 4 hours of fasting. The examination of patients with nutritional support were conducted after at least 4 hours of nutritional support administration. Energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure and nutritional substrates oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry. After statistical analysis of measured data was found, that administration of hypocaloric nutritional support did not significantly influence nutritional substrates oxidation. Protein intake correlated with total nitrogen balance (p = 0,0133) and muscular condition. Results suggest, that administered proteins were partly used as source of energy instead of muscle protein and partly used a different way, e.g. for tissue reparation. Therefore, nutritional support...
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Evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of new quaternary ammonium salt compounds
Suk, Ondřej ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Janďourek, Ondřej (referee)
Author: Ondřej Suk Title: Evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of new quaternary ammonium salt compounds Diploma thesis Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Study program: Pharmacy Background: The aim of the work was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of newly proposed and prepared quaternary ammonium salts. Methods: Broth microdilution method was used to measure antimicrobial activity of 8 new substances divided into three structure groups on 8 bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Yersinia bercovieri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL positive and multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Out of the 3 structure groups, the highest antimicrobial potential was found with some methylmorpholine salts and benzylimidazole substituted salts. Generally, the substances were, as supposed, more efficient with the Gram-positive bacteria tribes than with the Gram-negative ones. No bactericidal effect of these substances in the concentration measured was found on the strain of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: The Gram-positive strains tested are more sensitive towards the tested substances than the Gram-negative ones. In comparison with some...
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A comparison of lethal and maximum tolerated dose of standard acetylcholinesterase reactivators
Žárská, Nikola ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Marek, Jan (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Candidate Bc. Nikola Žárská Supervisor PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Consultant Mgr. Martina Hrabinová Title of Thesis A comparison of lethal and maximum tolerated dose of standard acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Diploma thesis deals with the topic of nerve agents. Specifically, it demonstrates the reactivating effect of oxime HI-6 (at 100 % maximum tolerated dose and 5 % median lethal dose) on the acetylcholinesterase inhibited by sarin. The experiment was carried out in vivo in Balb/c mice. The treatment was administered either with oxime HI-6 alone, in the above- mentioned doses, or in combination with the parasympatholytic atropine. The change in activity of acetylcholinesterase was measured by spectrophotometrically method, modified by the Ellman, in blood and brain. There were no signs of sarin intoxication in mice, that where treated with 100 % maximum tolerated dose of HI-6, in compare to mice treated with atropine only and 5 % median lethal dose of HI-6, where the intoxication was observed. It was founded that after i.m administration of 100 % maximum tolerated dose, the HI-6 concentration reached 500 µM in plasma and 10 µM in brain. This concentration is safe, but for...
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