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Use of metaphor in school education
Jílek, Štěpán ; Koťa, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kasíková, Hana (referee)
The main aim of the work is to clarify the contemporary conception of metaphor and to find ways of its use in school education on this basis. In the first part, metaphors are shown as a common element of human understanding of the world. The basic terminology, principles and categories of metaphor are explained and metaphors are distinguished from similar phenomenons such as analogies, similes and metonymies. Then general communication and cognitive options and functions of metaphors are explained and conclusions arising from researches into child comprehension and production of metaphor are introduced. In the second part, opportunities of application in school education are considered. Metaphors are assumed to be a specific method which can be used to achieve an array of teaching aims. Conditions of this use are considered in the light of subject matters and relation between a teacher and a student. Potential risks of metaphors used in school education are introduced and treated. In conclusion, metaphors are pondered in context of metacogniton and two basic metacognitive strategies are described illustratively which also serves as a methodical illustration for teachers.
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Vibrational optical activity of nucleotides and shorter nucleic acid segments
Jílek, Štěpán ; Profant, Václav (advisor) ; Kaminský, Jakub (referee)
1 Nucleotides are organic molecules that have a wide range of functions in living organisms. They participate in cell signaling, serve as cofactors of enzymatic reactions, play a central role in cellular metabolism, and are the basic monomeric units of nucleic acid polymers. Nucleotides consist of three subunit molecules - nitrogen nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose), and a phosphate group containing one to three phosphates. The subject of this master thesis is the study of various nucleotides and their self-assemblies in water by means of vibrational spectroscopy - Raman scattering and its chirally sensitive variant Raman optical activity (ROA). ROA has the potential to provide new information about the structural arrangement, dynamics, and interactions of nucleotides, as it supposes to be much more sensitive to vibrations of its sugar part containing three to four chiral carbons, compared to Raman scattering. We study spectral manifestations associated with chemical modifications (difference between ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides, the influence of different phosphate positions) and the change of physical conditions (various charge states according to the set pH, effect of concentration, influence of ions). A substantial amount of work is devoted to studying the self-association of...
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Vibrational optical activity of 3-aminoquinuclidine
Jílek, Štěpán ; Profant, Václav (advisor) ; Kaminský, Jakub (referee)
1 The bachelor thesis deals with the study of the chiral molecule 3-aminoquinuclidine (AQN), which is an important pharmacophore. The derivates of this molecule form a basis for several biologically important molecules and drugs: serotonin receptors activity modulators, agents displaying neuronal activity and medicaments supressing side effects of chemotherapy administration (antiemetics). AQN is a chiral molecule and information on its absolute configuration and enantiomeric purity is crucial to the use of AQN in drug synthesis. AQN contains both primary and tertiary amine group and depending on pH value it can be found in three differently charged forms. This thesis presents characterization of AQN utilizing methods of vibrational spectroscopy - infrared absorption and Raman scattering, together with their variants - vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Raman optical activity (ROA), all these in combination with quantum chemical simulations. The attention was paid to a choice of the suitable solvents and settings of experimental conditions. Based on pH dependent Raman spectral series we determined pKA dissociation constants associated with transitions between AQN's protonated states, which were further characterized by ROA and VCD. The properties of AQN in various phases (aqueous solution, crystalline...
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Use of metaphor in school education
Jílek, Štěpán ; Koťa, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kasíková, Hana (referee)
The main aim of the work is to clarify the contemporary conception of metaphor and to find ways of its use in school education on this basis. In the first part, metaphors are shown as a common element of human understanding of the world. The basic terminology, principles and categories of metaphor are explained and metaphors are distinguished from similar phenomenons such as analogies, similes and metonymies. Then general communication and cognitive options and functions of metaphors are explained and conclusions arising from researches into child comprehension and production of metaphor are introduced. In the second part, opportunities of application in school education are considered. Metaphors are assumed to be a specific method which can be used to achieve an array of teaching aims. Conditions of this use are considered in the light of subject matters and relation between a teacher and a student. Potential risks of metaphors used in school education are introduced and treated. In conclusion, metaphors are pondered in context of metacogniton and two basic metacognitive strategies are described illustratively which also serves as a methodical illustration for teachers.
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