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The Effect of Czech 2008 Flat Rate Personal Income Tax on Tax Evasion
Hrbek, Pavel ; Zápal, Jan (advisor) ; Votápková, Jana (referee)
The main goal of this thesis is to examine the effect of Czech's 2008 at rate personal income tax reform on consumption, income and tax evasion since there is a belief that personal income tax rates are partially responsible for high levels of tax evasion. We use the gap between household expenditures and reported income as a proxy for tax evasion with the Czech microeconomic data from the 2006-2008 Household Budget Survey. Employing difference-in-difference approach, we find no effect of the Czech at personal income tax rate on tax evasion for households with one economically active individual in the year 2008 relative to households experiencing no change.
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Credit Growth in Central and Eastern Europe
Němcová, Helena ; Seidler, Jakub (advisor) ; Hrbek, Pavel (referee)
This thesis focuses on the development of credit to the private sector in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Although the speed of credit growth in these countries has recently slowed down as the consequence of the global financial crisis, the overall increase in credit to the private sector over the past decades has been immense. As a result, the thesis examines whether this substantial increase in credit is linked to the convergence of the CEE countries towards the equilibrium or whether it represents an excessive credit growth that could threaten the macroeconomic and financial stability in these countries. We estimate the equilibrium credit levels for 11 transition countries by applying a dynamic panel data model. Since in-sample approach may bias the estimation results we perform the estimates out-of-sample using a panel of selected developed EU countries as a benchmark. The difference between the actual and estimated credit-to-GDP ratios serves as a measure of private credit excessiveness. The results indicate a slightly excessive or close to the equilibrium credit-to-GDP ratios in Bulgaria, Estonia, and Latvia prior to the financial crisis. With regard to the significant decline in GDP during the crisis this measure of credit excessiveness in these countries have further increased.
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How the size of a nonprofit organization influences the efficiency of its financing?
Fremunt, Marek ; Kameníček, Jiří (advisor) ; Hrbek, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis describes nonprofit sector focusing on the Czech non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the efficiency of their financing. At the beginning of the thesis I mention key definitions of the nonprofit sector. After that I concentrate on the Czech NGOs, which has moved forward during the last two decades. I describe the history, Czech legislature and types and forms of NGOs. I also measure the influence of NGOs on the Czech economy and make a brief comparison with the foreign non-governmental sector. In the last part I examine the influence of the size of the NGOs (according to revenues) to the efficiency of their financing. In order to analyze this influence, I modify the model KAMF to measure the efficiency of NGOs' financing. In the empirical part of this work I apply the model on the sample of 109 Czech NGOs and analyze the effect. In order to detect advanced relation between the size of NGO and its efficiency of financing, I have used OLS regression analysis.
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The Effect of Czech 2008 Flat Rate Personal Income Tax on Tax Evasion
Hrbek, Pavel ; Zápal, Jan (advisor) ; Votápková, Jana (referee)
The main goal of this thesis is to examine the effect of Czech's 2008 at rate personal income tax reform on consumption, income and tax evasion since there is a belief that personal income tax rates are partially responsible for high levels of tax evasion. We use the gap between household expenditures and reported income as a proxy for tax evasion with the Czech microeconomic data from the 2006-2009 Household Budget Survey. Employing difference-in-difference approach, we find that the Czech at personal income tax reform has significantly decreased the gap between reported household consumption and income for households with only one economically active individual that experienced a reduction in marginal tax rates after the tax reform relative to households experiencing no change and that it takes time for households to adapt to new tax policy.
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Influence of sports on smoking and consumption of alcohol
Michlian, Štefan ; Princ, Michael (advisor) ; Hrbek, Pavel (referee)
This paper focuses on the meaning of sport for present people. All motivations which lead them to practise sport are stated. We consider the trend of decreasing volume of physical activity in population especially in developed countries and the total social costs because of this trend. We analyse the investments opportunities of health system in promoting physical activity and how much these methods are cost-effective. Furthemore the meaning of sport as prevention before socially undesirable phenomena is examined, particularly smoking of cigarettes and consumption of alcohol We present the previous studies which were done in this topic. The methodology of survey, questionnaire survey in theory and in practice is described. In the last chapter gained data are analysed with OLS method, Tobit model, probit model and interval regression. Pros and cons of these models and results are commented.
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Determinants of Austrian International Trade: Econometric Analysis Based on the Gravity Model
Davidová, Lucie ; Benáček, Vladimír (advisor) ; Hrbek, Pavel (referee)
The purpose of this thesis is to examine Austrian foreign trade and estimate this country's export function. The analysis is based on the gravity model in trade in log-log form, augmented by additional variables (adjacency, REER, institutional indices, etc.). Our panel dataset consists of 3396 observations of Austrian exports to 211 countries over the period of 1995-2011. First, we examine main export partners and SITC articles and we come to a conclusion that Austria is heavily oriented to Germany and SITC 7 (machinery and transport equipment). We employ FE and RE as estimation techniques and distinguish between them according to the Hausman test. We emphasise that panel data structure does matter and estimate the gravity equation twice - once as 17 cross sections and then as 211 time series. The most important determinants appear to be domestic and partner's GDP, bilateral distance, adjacency and a country being landlocked. Subsequently, we give different techniques to deal with zero and missing observations, and calculate relative trade potential realisation for year 2011. Most of the top-ten export partners seem to be over their potential.
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Credit Growth in Central and Eastern Europe
Němcová, Helena ; Seidler, Jakub (advisor) ; Hrbek, Pavel (referee)
This thesis focuses on the development of credit to the private sector in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Although the speed of credit growth in these countries has recently slowed down as the consequence of the global financial crisis, the overall increase in credit to the private sector over the past decades has been immense. As a result, the thesis examines whether this substantial increase in credit is linked to the convergence of the CEE countries towards the equilibrium or whether it represents an excessive credit growth that could threaten the macroeconomic and financial stability in these countries. We estimate the equilibrium credit levels for 11 transition countries by applying a dynamic panel data model. Since in-sample approach may bias the estimation results we perform the estimates out-of-sample using a panel of selected developed EU countries as a benchmark. The difference between the actual and estimated credit-to-GDP ratios serves as a measure of private credit excessiveness. The results indicate a slightly excessive or close to the equilibrium credit-to-GDP ratios in Bulgaria, Estonia, and Latvia prior to the financial crisis. With regard to the significant decline in GDP during the crisis this measure of credit excessiveness in these countries have further increased.
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The pre-war armament from the economic perspective: comparison of the Czech and the German points of view
Filková, Zuzana ; Strecker, Ondřej (advisor) ; Hrbek, Pavel (referee)
There are a variety of views from economic theorists on effects of armament on the overall development of certain societies and the state of its economy. The aim of this paper is to compare the theoretical approach to the issue of pre-war armament in 1930s in Czechoslovakia and Germany. As a source of information for the description of the prevailing theoretical economic approach, this paper uses contemporary newspaper articles, archived materials and present-day materials concerning this topic. The main stream of economic thinking in Czechoslovakia does not agree with high governmental expenditure on armament, because it may have a degenerative effect which would lead to militarisation of economy. War preparation results in higher taxes, a fall in standard of living, limited export, and decrease in productive investment, etc. Therefore it is not eligible to implement these principles under the conditions of peace economy and they are relevant only in case of a direct threat to the existence of a state. However, even then it has to be a derogation of the principle of free trade to the slightest possible extent. Emphasis was placed on non-inflationary obtaining of financial means - first via taxes and then a credit. Representatives were Karel Englis and Alois Rasin, whose ideas were reflected in the...
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The Effect of Czech 2008 Flat Rate Personal Income Tax on Tax Evasion
Hrbek, Pavel ; Zápal, Jan (advisor) ; Votápková, Jana (referee)
The main goal of this thesis is to examine the effect of Czech's 2008 at rate personal income tax reform on consumption, income and tax evasion since there is a belief that personal income tax rates are partially responsible for high levels of tax evasion. We use the gap between household expenditures and reported income as a proxy for tax evasion with the Czech microeconomic data from the 2006-2008 Household Budget Survey. Employing difference-in-difference approach, we find no effect of the Czech at personal income tax rate on tax evasion for households with one economically active individual in the year 2008 relative to households experiencing no change.
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