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Parturition as a selection criterion in cattle
Rozhoňová, Lenka ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Vostrý, Luboš (referee)
This work is focused on the parturition as a possible selection criterion for cattle breeding. The first part of this work discusses the physiological parturition and charakters typical for natural and uncomlicated parturition. The next part deals difficult births and their causes, which are devided into genetic and nongenetic. The genetic factors are more important, because it is possible to affect them with breeding work and selection. All possible causes are discribed in detail and explained, there are required heritability by them, possible reciprocal genetic link and correlation to the charakter. At some factors , if possible, are given options as prevent problems with regard to the concrete factor. The aim is to map the factors leading to difficult births and their relation to breeding work in cattle breeding.
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New findings in horse phylogeny
Kardošová, Kristína ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This thesis deals phylogenetic developement of the horse since its origin until the present. Describes fossil horses, formation processes and conservation. Shows the most famous paleontological localities, where they were found fossil bones or fragments. Explains methods of investigation, such as determining the age of radiocarbon dating or electron spin resonance and analysis ancient DNA. Family equidae is taxonomically classified based on their evolutionary series. Relations between taxa are also shown in the diagrams - phylogenetic trees or cladogram, which are structured according to morphological and molecular data. It also mentions order Perrisodactyla, their evolution, radiation and new taxonomic classification. The main part is devoted to phylogeny equidae. It describes morphological changes due to adaptive specializations, including mainly limbs (extension their parts and reduction fingers), dentition (increasing crowns, molarization of premolars, gradual coverage cement) and skull (extension and enlargement of the brain). It describes individual genera and several important species from the genus Hyracotherium after Equus, their morphology and way of life. Previous studies of fossil horses, methods of comparative anatomy, are confronted with new molecular biology analysis. The results bring a new perspective on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the horse. Next part is devoted breeding groups of domestic horse. Characterized Eguus robustus, Equus gracilis, Equus gmelini and Equus przewalskii. Detects the taxonomic status of the Przewalski horse, relative to fact that today there are disputes about its evolutionary relationship with the domestic horse. Highlights the importance of reintroduction of Przewalski horses, the last wild horse, in the Mongolian steppes, the place of his original expansion. The last part includes the theory of horse domestication. Describes the site of human habitation, where archaeological artifacts and horse bones indicate keeping animals.
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Ageing in horses and related problems
Tomašková, Jana ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
SUMMARY
This bachelor thesis includes general informations about process of aging in horses and related problems. Very good question is how we can define an old horse, however without definitive answer. At the beginning, there are knowledges about when aging occurs in horses by various authors. Then there are mentioned changes at feeding old horses and diseases that afflict horses with increasing age.
With growing number of equine geriatric population abroad some surveys and studies of aged horses were made and brought important results. At the conclusion, ethic issues can´t be leave out and what an euthanasia means for horse´s owners and veterinarians. Approach a situation in our region, a number of registered aged horses in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany are published.
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Exterior changes during dog domestication
Wagnerová, Lucie ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Čapková, Zuzana (referee)
Domestication of a dog is a long-term proces which consists of series of modifications of various physiological and behavioral traits. There are several different opinions on the period when domestication started and on the original reasons of domestication. Archeological excavations of wolf skeletons were founded in Southeast Asia, America and in Europe. The oldest findings are 150000 years old. These excavations were especially found in China. Younger findings are 15000 - 33000 years old. Study of mitochondrial DNA supports the idea that the main center of domestication is the Southeast Asia. Currently there are two regions considered to be the center of domestication - Southeast Asia and Middle East.
The idea that wolf is an ancestor of a dog can be proved by the excavations found for example in Germany or in Předmostí u Přerova in Czech Republic.
During the domestication process there has been several changes at dogs - ethological changes and changes of the exterior of a dog. Behavior, vocalisation and response to human signals belong to ethological changes. Changes of exterior are especcially change of skin, length of limbs, shape and position of ears, size of skull, structure, length and colour of fur. Three types of skull can be found at current breeds - brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic skull. Dogs with the brachycephalic skull can suffer some health problems more often. There are three main genes which influence the structure and length of fur - RSPO2, FGF5 and KRT71. Based on these genes there were described mutations which influence different length of fur and different structure of fur. Relating absence of fur at several breed (for example Peruvian Hairless Dog) there were described mutations of gene FOX13. The coloring of fur is affected by productions of two types of melanin - eumelanin and feomelanin. Production of these pigments is controlled especially by genes MC1R, CBD103, ASIP, TYRP1. In this work we will compare all these changes (exterior and ethological) with the ancestor of dog - with a wolf.
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Development of farm animal protection in the Czech Republic
Pilařová, Anna ; Kracíková, Olga (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Animal welfare has been recently increasingly discussed topic. Humanity ceases to be indefferent toward the fate of animals and the world returns to a more natural ways of life. This is connected with opinions, globally supporting trend of ecological or bio breeding.
The issue is undoubtedly in cost. Most of end users are mainly influenced by price and they are forced to buy a cheaper product, even knowing these are not results of welfare breeding. Thus the goal should be higher state support of regional farmers, eco and bio breedings and lowering the production of mass breedings.
The first part of this thesis sums up the history of breeding of agricultural animals in the region of Czech republic since zero concern in careful breeding, through first mentions of animal welfare to the law of Czech national comittee nr. 246/1992 Sb., for protection of animals against abuse, which contains most complex findings and ethological experiences in this field. In the second part are listed tables from Ministry of justice, which show evolution of crimes in the field of animal abuse in our area since 1992 till 2015. It is demonstrated in the tables, that the number of sentenced offenders in animal abuse rises. Following is description of judicial rulings obtained from relevant courts. The crime is always briefly described and then is stated the sentencing for crime committed. The results are, that the law nr. 246/1992 Sb. for protection of animals against abuse is very well designed, but the practical application is insufficient. The most of court cases ends up in probation, no matter of a motive, or death of the animal. Problematic is also the difference of definition of the animal according to different laws. Czech republic did a lot for protection of agricultural animals in its area, but it is also undoubtedly needed among other things to refine recent formulation of the law for protection of animals against abuse animal is a vertebrate except human and embryo, because this definition is insufficient and not correlating with the most advanced definitions of the term, conducted by new Civil code. The last part of this thesis contains some non-government organisations dealing with agricultural animals protection in Czech republic and in the whole world.
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The significance of ethological knowledge: Horse training techniques and selection a horse for hippotherapy
Pavelková, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
This work deals with the ethological knowledge, which is closely related to the principles and techniques of the horse training. Currently, instructors, horse trainers, riders, but also the general public access to a large number of publications that describe
the variety of training techniques for working with horses. Unfortunately, not every horse is trained properly in relation to its capabilities and assumptions, which specifies in addition to the anatomy and physiology and to the ethology of the species. The work therefore also mentions the issue of ethics of horse breeding and equitation, Equitation Science.
In addition to the other horse training approaches, there is a part of the work that dedicates to the training approach on the basis of natural communication between horse and human. Natural Horsemanship is gaining popularity between the horse trainers and scientists, who have devoted their work comparing this method with conventional training methods.
Last but not least, the work is devoted to the description of the use of horses in the area of health service. Hippotherapy places on horses specific demands, which are connected with the special horse selection
and training.
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Hemophilia in dogs and use of a dog as a model for analogous disease in human
Marvanová, Veronika ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Dokoupilová, Adéla (referee)
This compilation deals about hemophilia in dogs and options, how to apply findings obtained from studies on dogs to cure people. Hemophilia is suitable for research of modern healing methods, because it has been known for centuries and thanks to this its thoroughly researched. As a hereditary, sex-linked coagulation disorder, which is normally cured by replacement therapy, is hemophilia ideal model for examining the genetics determinants and nowadays it significantly helps in development of modern methods of treatment.
Hemophilia in dogs and humans is caused by gene mutation, which brings the absence or dysfunction of coagulation factor VIII or FIX. These factors in a healthy individual participates on coagulation cascade and on blood clot creation. Hemophilia mutations increase incidence of spontaneous hemorrhage, or hemorrhage after minor trauma, and patients suffer by hematomas, blood loss, dangerous internal bleeding, difficulties in movement and other related problems.
The fact, that hemophiliac dogs naturally occurs, in addition with possibility to compare them with people despite the differences in karyotype, because of binding to sex chromosome, and finally in connection with people desire to treat these dogs, just confirms that hemophilia in dogs is suitable for studying. This explain why dog models were involved in all significant discoveries in hemophilia treatment. For example, dogs assisted in development of replacement therapy with plasma and plasma concentrates, where studies confirmed safety and efficacy of these substances. Within recent years dog models enables safety transfer of gene therapy to human patients.
Thanks to these studies hemophilia possibly become the first genetically conditioned disorder, which would be permanently cured by gene therapy.
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Transport as a factor influencing animal welfare
Vandrovcová, Michaela ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Kracíková, Olga (referee)
This thesis deals with transport as the influence that greatly affects and reduces welfare. In the thesis are the general rules and conditions to ensure good animal welfare, as well as an explanation of what it actually means animal welfare. Part of my work deals with indicators that disrupt these conditions and that are part of transportation or general handling the animals. In the thesis are also mentioned factors that indicate poor welfare or causes distortions. As a supplement to this part of the thesis are the specifics of the basic kinds of livestock: pigs, cattle, poultry and horses. As a result of deterioration of welfare are in the thesis the possible defect of meat after slaughter and the principle of formation of these defects under increased stress. An integral part are also requirements for the loader and the actual conditions for the transport of live animals.
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Changes in pigmentation of animals during domestication
Ariskina, Sofya ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Kracíková, Olga (referee)
In this work there are described, based on different experiments, and on the basis of them written articles about changes of different types of animals in the course of domestikation. It is supposed that this process began 15 thousand years ago. Here a described main scenarios which show the reasons and ways of the beginning of domestication, and some main places where this process began.
But it is much more important that in the course of the domestication there was a big number of morphological, anatomic and physiological changes in which consequence wild animals gradually turned into domestic ones. These changes, whether it be considerable change of the corporal sizes, reduction of a brain, changes in nervous system, emergence of trailing ears or big quantity of various coat colors, testifies that animals lost the need to survive independently and began to depend partially or completely on people.
But a main goal of this work is to describe and explain the development of new, not existing in wild animals coat colors which are connected to the domestication process and, later, to the selection process, made by people. The general sign of all domesticated animals chosen and selected incidentally or intentionally on any signs is emergence of spottiness and heterogeneity of coat coloring, gradually turning into other colourings that are absolutely not typical for wild animals because in the wild nature would draw attention of predators or mark.
Also here is described the genetic component of process of emergence of new coat colors caused by a different ratio of an eumelanin and a feomelanin, and also various gene mutations (for ex. MC1R, ASIP ets.).
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Effect of equine assisted therapy on the body posture
Burešová, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
The work deals with the body posture and the way how it is influenced by equine assisted therapy.
The first part deals with human motor activity and its development. Motor activity is divided into supporting and targeted. Supporting motor activity provides upright posture through reflex mechanisms. Targeted motor activity includes voluntary and involuntary movements. Voluntary movements are controlled by central nervous system at the instigation of our mind. If we perform specific movements regularly they can transform into stereotypes on the basis of kinetic learning. These movements and their control automate and are performed unconsciously which can lead to excessive muscle straining.
Involuntary movements associated with food intake walking etc. are set by motor patterns. Motor patterns are motion responses of the central nervous system occurring in the same form in the sequence of generations. Simple reflexes and complex physical reactions. Motor development is given by these motor patterns and is bound to a healthy central nervous system. It begins with development of the body posture and targeted locomotion. The work describes the physiological development of human motor activity and its particular periods. Muscle activity is gradually coordinated. It ensures the centered position of the joints and correct curvature of the spine. Motor development continues with verticalization. The child uses balance coordination and muscle strength to develop unsupported walking. In the period of around two years when the central nervous system matures some reflexes and motor patterns fade away and the first motion stereotypes begin to arise.
The second part deals with the posture that reflects and affects the overall condition of the body. It is a muscle holding of particular body parts against the force of gravity. Posture is part of every position and a precondition of movement. This work describes individual components of the musculoskeletal system with emphasis on the axial system and spine which are the basis from which each move unfolds. The skeleton forms the firm basis for the body protects organs and is the site of insertion of individual muscles. The paper describes the structure and properties of muscle tissue. And muscles whose function is essential for posture are mentioned. Posture and every movement is provided by balanced cooperation of muscles which are controlled from the central nervous system that is why part of this work describes the nervous system itself.
The end of the second part focuses on poor body posture caused mainly by motion stereotypes acquired throughout life which leads to excessive muscle tension followed by pain and limitation of mobility. Many of these stereotypes were formed in childhood that is why they may appear to be perfectly normal often we do not even realize doing them and because of that we do not know how to change them.
The next section outlines the principles of holistic medicine that body and mind are inseparable and one affects the other.
The final part discusses the relationship between man and horse that reaches far into our history. It focuses on the use of horses to improve the health and overall quality of life of men. That is an area of which the interest is currently growing. The work deals with the effect of the horses to humans especially in physical and psychological areas. To understand the effect on the physical side the movement of the horse at a walk is described and also the rider's position and his movement which is caused by the movement of the horse's back.
The thesis summarizes the findings of a direct effect of hippotherapy on the physical body and the effects on the psychological side of a man because these areas are closely interlinked.
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