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From maternity to unemployment: women with young children returning to the labour market
Bičáková, Alena ; Kalíšková, Klára
The established tendency of Czech women to take long periods of parental leave represent a significant loss of human capital and an interruption of these women’s professional development; in addition, it contributes to a high risk of unemployment when they return to the labour market. In this study we look at the period during which women with young children return to the labour market following parental leave, documenting the development of their unemployment risk by the age of their child and the process through which mothers with young children end up unemployed. The unemployment rate is very high right after the end of parental leave, i.e. when the child is 3 years old; at this point, unemployment among women with high school diploma or more reaches 12% and for those with lower education is as high as 28%. Women often become unemployed immediately after returning to the labour market. Almost 30% of women with two-year-old children and 60% of women with three-year-old children become unemployed as soon as they return to the labor market. Among those with three-year-old children it is likely that this unemployment occurs as a result of the women losing their right to return to their previous employment. Among women with younger children, however, the high share of unemployed immediately when they end their parental leave calls into question the real functioning of the job protection period during which women have the right to return to their previous employment.
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Does prison overcrowding loom again? Predicting the prison population in the Czech Republic
Dušek, Libor
The study presents a projection of the prison population in the Czech Republic based on a\nnewly developed simulation model. It also points out the main trends in the criminal justice\npolicy and quantifies their impact on the past growth in the prison population.\nCzech prisons currently house 18,609 sentenced inmates. Unless crime rates and criminal\njustice policy change, we estimate that by the end of 2016 this number will reach 20,000 and\nthen level off at 20,360 inmates. If the current trends in the crime rates and criminal justice\npolicy continue, the sentenced prison population will steadily grow and will surpass 21,740\nby 2024.
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Wage differences related to motherhood and children in the family
Pytliková, Mariola
Statistical data show a persistent gender wage gap. Currently, women earn on average 78 per cent of men’s average monthly wages. Women’s median monthly wages amount to 85 per cent of men’s median wage. The largest gender wage differences can be found for employees in age categories most likely to be affected by motherhood and parenthood duties. Specifically, for the 35–39 age group, the gender wage gap is 32 and 27 per cent, if measured by median monthly and hourly wages, respectively. Gender wage gap in the Czech Republic is also related to the number of children. For childless employees, the difference in median monthly wages equals to 15 percent, and the gender wage gap increases with each additional child in the family. The difference in median monthly wages between men and women with one child is 20 per cent, 32 per cent between men and women with two children, and 36 percent between men and women with three or more children.
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An international comparison of the quality of academic publication output in the Czech Republic
Jurajda, Štěpán ; Kozubek, Stanislav ; Münich, Daniel ; Škoda, Samuel
In the recent study Jurajda a Münich (2015) we presented a field-by-field comparison of Czech research publication output. This comparison of the relative strength of output by research institutes in each field within the Czech Republic (CR), could not comment on which Czech institutes are working at international level, and which lag behind their foreign counterparts. It is possible, for example, that an institute that is not at the forefront of its field in the CR may nevertheless be performing research at a standard comparable with international competitors, because it is working in a field in which the Czech Republic is performing very high level research. In this study we offer a first step towards comparing the research output of Czech institutes on an international scale: we compare the publication output of each research field, overall, in the Czech Republic with its international equivalent. Our comparison is based on articles published between 2010 and 2014 which are included in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The comparison includes eleven small and medium sized countries, only one of which has English as its native language. Five of the countries are European countries previously within the Soviet bloc, four are Western European countries and two are non-European countries.
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Working beyond pensionable age: institutional incentives in the Czech Republic
Šatava, Jiří
In this study, institutional incentives for the elderly to work are quantified by participation tax rate. All specifications of participation tax rate, which do not take into account unemployment benefits, show, that institutional incentives for the elderly to work are not higher compared to incentives for prime age individuals to work. Moreover, participation tax rates of pensioners used to be even higher compared to prime age individuals. This was the case in 2013 when working pensioners, who were receiving an old age pension, could not claim taxpayer tax credit. Therefore, pensioners' institutional incentives to work cannot offset their increased temptation to leave labour market.
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Czech research centres' publication performance in the period 2008-2012, by field of research
Jurajda, Štěpán ; Münich, Daniel
Three years ago, we were the first in the Czech Republic to offer, in IDEA study 3/2012, a comparison of research publication performance (not productivity) based on data about the results of research and development in the period 2006-2010 for the research fields whose ouputs are largely recorded in the Web of Science database run by Thomson Reuters (WoS). For each field of research, we showed which Czech centre has the most results published in journals with a high impact factor (IF). In this study, we bring that comparison up to date for the period 2008-2012. This type of comparison, which is based on the Information Register of R&D Results [Rejstřík informací o výsledcích] (RIV) collated by the government's Council for Research, Development and Innovation (RVVI), identifies the research centres with the most prolific output of excellent results in a given field in the Czech Republic. It also enables us to compare fields in terms of the concentration of their journal publication output in individual research centres, and to look at the relationship between "points-based" RIV assessment and excellence of results.
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Teachers’ pay: consistently low and unattractive
Münich, Daniel ; Perignáthová, M. ; Zapletalová, Lucie ; Smolka, V.
The level and structure of teachers’ salaries significantly affect overall interest in the teaching profession and play a part in determining the structure of those interested in the profession. The quality of new recruits to the teaching profession in turn determines the long term quality of education and educational results in the given country. Salaries for teachers at Czech public primary schools, in a relative comparison with salaries for highly qualified employees, have long been among the lowest in the world’s thirty most developed countries. As far as teachers’ general skills are concerned, these are still relatively good in the Czech Republic compared to many other countries. This is however undoubtedly determined to a large extent on the high numbers of older teachers in the profession, who began their careers decades ago. Interest in the teaching profession among talented younger Czechs is currently very low.
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The Point system and its impact on the number of fatal traffic accidents
Montag, J. ; Zapletalová, Lucie
This study summarises the results of a quantitative assessment of the impact of the points system, introduced in 2006, on the number of fatal traffic accidents in the Czech Republic. The introduction of the points system was also accompanied by legal changes that raised fines for traffic offences and broadened the transport police's powers. Initially, the number of fatal accidents dropped sharply. Injuries were reduced by 33.3%, which with 95% certainty represents between 51 and 204 lives saved. However, beyond the first year, the new law had no noticeable impact on the number of fatal accidents. Our findings indicate that the reform's negligible impact in the long term was caused by a gradual decline in resources dedicated to traffic police services in the field. Exaggerated expectations very likely contributed to the reform's significant short-term impact, as people over-estimated the possible sanctions they would face with the introduction of the new law, and drove carefully for a few weeks. Over time, they adapted their behaviour to meet the real level of monitoring and enforcement of the new rules, which was in fact low and becoming even lower. The number of fatal accidents thus returned to its original level.
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(Non-)discrimination against female job applicants for maternity-related reasons: experiment
Bartoš, Vojtěch
In this study we investigate possible discrimination against female job applicants, in the form of a lower probability of being invited for interview in the periods of their career when 1) it is expected they may soon take maternity leave, and 2) their family commitments are considered to limit their working capacity. We carry out a correspondence experiment, in which we construct fictitious profiles for otherwise identical women and men aged either 29 or 41 years, childless or with two children. During the experiment we contact 599 Czech firms, sending them the CVs of the fictitious male and female job applicants. The differences in the level of positive replies received from the firms serve as an indicator of the potential employers' attitudes towards men and women.
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