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From maternity to unemployment: women with young children returning to the labour market
Bičáková, Alena ; Kalíšková, Klára
The established tendency of Czech women to take long periods of parental leave represent a significant loss of human capital and an interruption of these women’s professional development; in addition, it contributes to a high risk of unemployment when they return to the labour market. In this study we look at the period during which women with young children return to the labour market following parental leave, documenting the development of their unemployment risk by the age of their child and the process through which mothers with young children end up unemployed. The unemployment rate is very high right after the end of parental leave, i.e. when the child is 3 years old; at this point, unemployment among women with high school diploma or more reaches 12% and for those with lower education is as high as 28%. Women often become unemployed immediately after returning to the labour market. Almost 30% of women with two-year-old children and 60% of women with three-year-old children become unemployed as soon as they return to the labor market. Among those with three-year-old children it is likely that this unemployment occurs as a result of the women losing their right to return to their previous employment. Among women with younger children, however, the high share of unemployed immediately when they end their parental leave calls into question the real functioning of the job protection period during which women have the right to return to their previous employment.
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Does prison overcrowding loom again? Predicting the prison population in the Czech Republic
Dušek, Libor
The study presents a projection of the prison population in the Czech Republic based on a\nnewly developed simulation model. It also points out the main trends in the criminal justice\npolicy and quantifies their impact on the past growth in the prison population.\nCzech prisons currently house 18,609 sentenced inmates. Unless crime rates and criminal\njustice policy change, we estimate that by the end of 2016 this number will reach 20,000 and\nthen level off at 20,360 inmates. If the current trends in the crime rates and criminal justice\npolicy continue, the sentenced prison population will steadily grow and will surpass 21,740\nby 2024.
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Wage differences related to motherhood and children in the family
Pytliková, Mariola
Statistical data show a persistent gender wage gap. Currently, women earn on average 78 per cent of men’s average monthly wages. Women’s median monthly wages amount to 85 per cent of men’s median wage. The largest gender wage differences can be found for employees in age categories most likely to be affected by motherhood and parenthood duties. Specifically, for the 35–39 age group, the gender wage gap is 32 and 27 per cent, if measured by median monthly and hourly wages, respectively. Gender wage gap in the Czech Republic is also related to the number of children. For childless employees, the difference in median monthly wages equals to 15 percent, and the gender wage gap increases with each additional child in the family. The difference in median monthly wages between men and women with one child is 20 per cent, 32 per cent between men and women with two children, and 36 percent between men and women with three or more children.
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An international comparison of the quality of academic publication output in the Czech Republic
Jurajda, Štěpán ; Kozubek, Stanislav ; Münich, Daniel ; Škoda, Samuel
In the recent study Jurajda a Münich (2015) we presented a field-by-field comparison of Czech research publication output. This comparison of the relative strength of output by research institutes in each field within the Czech Republic (CR), could not comment on which Czech institutes are working at international level, and which lag behind their foreign counterparts. It is possible, for example, that an institute that is not at the forefront of its field in the CR may nevertheless be performing research at a standard comparable with international competitors, because it is working in a field in which the Czech Republic is performing very high level research. In this study we offer a first step towards comparing the research output of Czech institutes on an international scale: we compare the publication output of each research field, overall, in the Czech Republic with its international equivalent. Our comparison is based on articles published between 2010 and 2014 which are included in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The comparison includes eleven small and medium sized countries, only one of which has English as its native language. Five of the countries are European countries previously within the Soviet bloc, four are Western European countries and two are non-European countries.
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Skills mismatches in the Czech Republic
Kalíšková, Klára
This study examines the efficiency of the job matching process on the Czech labor market. It studies how the educational structure of population evolved over the past 20 years and how the changes in educational structure were reflected in labor market success of graduates. It further analyses the skill mismatches on the Czech labor market from both vertical and horizontal perspective to identify possible inconsistencies between the skills supplied and demanded.
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Working beyond pensionable age: institutional incentives in the Czech Republic
Šatava, Jiří
In this study, institutional incentives for the elderly to work are quantified by participation tax rate. All specifications of participation tax rate, which do not take into account unemployment benefits, show, that institutional incentives for the elderly to work are not higher compared to incentives for prime age individuals to work. Moreover, participation tax rates of pensioners used to be even higher compared to prime age individuals. This was the case in 2013 when working pensioners, who were receiving an old age pension, could not claim taxpayer tax credit. Therefore, pensioners' institutional incentives to work cannot offset their increased temptation to leave labour market.
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Working beyond pensionable age: institutional incentives in the Czech Republic
Šatava, Jiří
In this study, institutional incentives for the elderly to work are quantified by\nparticipation tax rate. All specifications of participation tax rate, which do not take\ninto account unemployment benefits, show, that institutional incentives for the\nelderly to work are not higher compared to incentives for prime age individuals to\nwork. Moreover, participation tax rates of pensioners used to be even higher\ncompared to prime age individuals. This was the case in 2013 when working\npensioners, who were receiving an old age pension, could not claim taxpayer tax\ncredit. Therefore, pensioners' institutional incentives to work cannot offset their\nincreased temptation to leave labour market.
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A comparative study of retirement age in the Czech Republic
Bakalová, Jana ; Boháček, Radim ; Münich, Daniel
Our analysis reveals that older generations in the Czech Republic still exhibit\nsome differences from more developed countries in Western and Northern\nEurope. Socio-economic conditions, educational attainment, occupational\nstructure, or health status are still lower due to reasons related to historical\ndevelopment in the 20th century. On the other hand, improvements and\nconvergence of aforementioned characteristics to more economically\ndeveloped countries of the EU during a relatively short period of time has been\nnotable.
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Czech research centres' publication performance in the period 2008-2012, by field of research
Jurajda, Štěpán ; Münich, Daniel
Three years ago, we were the first in the Czech Republic to offer, in IDEA study 3/2012, a comparison of research publication performance (not productivity) based on data about the results of research and development in the period 2006-2010 for the research fields whose ouputs are largely recorded in the Web of Science database run by Thomson Reuters (WoS). For each field of research, we showed which Czech centre has the most results published in journals with a high impact factor (IF). In this study, we bring that comparison up to date for the period 2008-2012. This type of comparison, which is based on the Information Register of R&D Results [Rejstřík informací o výsledcích] (RIV) collated by the government's Council for Research, Development and Innovation (RVVI), identifies the research centres with the most prolific output of excellent results in a given field in the Czech Republic. It also enables us to compare fields in terms of the concentration of their journal publication output in individual research centres, and to look at the relationship between "points-based" RIV assessment and excellence of results.
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Teachers’ pay: consistently low and unattractive
Münich, Daniel ; Perignáthová, M. ; Zapletalová, Lucie ; Smolka, V.
The level and structure of teachers’ salaries significantly affect overall interest in the teaching profession and play a part in determining the structure of those interested in the profession. The quality of new recruits to the teaching profession in turn determines the long term quality of education and educational results in the given country. Salaries for teachers at Czech public primary schools, in a relative comparison with salaries for highly qualified employees, have long been among the lowest in the world’s thirty most developed countries. As far as teachers’ general skills are concerned, these are still relatively good in the Czech Republic compared to many other countries. This is however undoubtedly determined to a large extent on the high numbers of older teachers in the profession, who began their careers decades ago. Interest in the teaching profession among talented younger Czechs is currently very low.
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