|
|
Differentiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies
Čáp, Michal
Yeast colonies are, alongside to bacterial biofilms, multicellular communities formed by unicellular microorganisms. These specific communities differ in many ways from populations cultivated in planktonic cultivations. Gradients of nutrients, metabolic by- products and other factors are formed and preserved within these structures, which provides a basis for cellular differentiation. Current literature concerning these issues with emphasis on yeast colonies and biofilms is summarised in the Introduction of this work. Section Results then describes my contribution to the knowledge on the differentiation of the colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system for studying microbial multicellular structures. Previously described horizontal differentiation, i.e. differentiation between colony centre and margin, is further characterised with respect to ammonia signalling and stress resistance. The importance of genes conferring the cell`s oxidative stress resistance in colony differentiation was studied and it was concluded that not stress resistance but rather metabolic and other changes promoted by ammonia signal are important for colony differentiation and survival. A new type of colony differentiation - the horizontal, i.e. differentiation between upper and lower part of the colony, is...
|
|
|
Translational control in immune response.
Hlaváček, Adam ; Valášek, Leoš (advisor) ; Čáp, Michal (referee)
Immune reaction often requires a prompt modification of gene expression that in turn alters cellular physiology. There are an increasing number of articles supporting a critical role of translational control in this aspect of cellular biology. The aim of this work is to present some of cellular and molecular mechanisms that connect translational control and immune reaction in immune and somatic cells and can be possibly misused by some viruses. Perhaps not surprisingly, many immunologically relevant translational control mechanisms are similar to those acting during the stress response. Over the years it has been documented that the T cells, dendrocytes, Natural killer cells and macrophages utilize translational control for their immunological activation following stimulation. Combination of general and gene-specific translational control mechanisms enables fast changes in proteome and physiology that are characteristic for immune cell activation. The overall impact of translational control on immune response is further illustrated by the fact that it acts upon each stage of life of immune cells - from their activation, through survival, to a programmed cell death. Even in some non-immune cells the translational control plays an important role with respect to immunity, as these cells are known to have an...
|
|
|
Properties and function of middle T antigen of the murine polyomavirus
Fabiánová, Anna ; Forstová, Jitka (advisor) ; Čáp, Michal (referee)
Polyomaviruses are small DNA viruses, which are able to induce a broad variety of tumors. The main oncoprotein of the mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) is middle T antigen (MT antigen) which is able to transform cells. MT antigen has not an enzymatic activity of its own. It is able to activate signal transduction of host cells through its interactions with certain cellular proteins. These proteins include protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), Src kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Shc protein, 14-3-3 protein and phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1). This work is focused on interaction between MT antigen and cellular proteins and on the impact of this interaction on cell transformation. Since MT antigen is a potent oncogene, the work also deals with the character of transformed cells and tumor development in mouse mammary epithelium. Keywords: polyomaviruses, MT antigen, PP2A, PI3K, PLCγ1, Shc protein, 14-3-3 protein
|
|
|
Differentiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies
Čáp, Michal ; Palková, Zdena (advisor) ; Pichová, Iva (referee) ; Demnerová, Kateřina (referee)
Yeast colonies are, alongside to bacterial biofilms, multicellular communities formed by unicellular microorganisms. These specific communities differ in many ways from populations cultivated in planktonic cultivations. Gradients of nutrients, metabolic by- products and other factors are formed and preserved within these structures, which provides a basis for cellular differentiation. Current literature concerning these issues with emphasis on yeast colonies and biofilms is summarised in the Introduction of this work. Section Results then describes my contribution to the knowledge on the differentiation of the colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system for studying microbial multicellular structures. Previously described horizontal differentiation, i.e. differentiation between colony centre and margin, is further characterised with respect to ammonia signalling and stress resistance. The importance of genes conferring the cell`s oxidative stress resistance in colony differentiation was studied and it was concluded that not stress resistance but rather metabolic and other changes promoted by ammonia signal are important for colony differentiation and survival. A new type of colony differentiation - the horizontal, i.e. differentiation between upper and lower part of the colony, is...
|
|
|
Incidence and molecular typing of Clostridium difficile strains in the Czech republic
Malinová, Anna ; Jirásková, Alena (advisor) ; Čáp, Michal (referee)
Clostridium difficile is a major cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is of gaining importance now due to its increasing incidence and severity. However, little is known about the C. difficile infections in the Czech Republic. The aim of the study was to characterize C. difficile strains recently isolated (2008 to 2011) from patients hospitalized with gastrointestinal disease in four Prague health care institutions using molecular typing methods; PCR toxinotyping, PCR ribotyping and MLVA (multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis). Among 273 C. difficile strains, we identified 8 toxinotypes (0, III, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX a XXIII) and 63 ribotypes, of which ribotypes 596 (23,4 % patient), 017 (13,9 %) and 176 (7 %) were the most frequent. According to PCR ribotyping, the situation in the Czech Republic is the most similar to the situation in Poland. Within ribotypes 017, 017/1 and 017/2 and ribotypes 596 and 596/1, 5 and 4 distinct clusters were identified by MLVA, none of which was institution-specific. Additionally, pathogenic C.difficile were isolated from piglet faeces (63,3 %) in a single piglet farm, evaluating the role of C. difficile as an emerging animal pathogen. All piglet isolates belonged to the toxinotype 0 and the ribotype...
|
|
|
mTORC1 complex function in regulation of translation initiation
Holásková, Lucie ; Feketová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Čáp, Michal (referee)
My bachelor thesis deals with the effect of mTOR pathway to different processes in the cell. In particular, it focuses on the influence of translation initiation. mTOR protein is part of two complexes, which occur in different organisms - mTORC1 and mTORC2. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays an important role in controlling translation initiation. The activity of eIF4E protein is regulated by family of repressor 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs). Linking these proteins to eIF4E is regulated by their phosphorylation state. For the release of 4E-BP1 from eIF4E, phosphorylation must occur at four phosphorylation sites (Thr37, Thr46, Ser65 and Thr70). The study also covers some of the other events that occur in the mTOR pathway.
|
|
| |
|
|
Internal ribosome entry site of the hepatitis C virus as a possible target for therapy
Roučová, Kristina ; Čáp, Michal (referee) ; Pospíšek, Martin (advisor)
Hepatitis C virus infects about 3 % of world's population. Progress in molecular biology and better knowledge of hepatitis C virus life cycle contribute to the development of specifically targeted antiviral therapies for HCV. This new treatment also targets the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), which is highly conserved and therefore an attractive target for intervention. In addition, inhibition of IRES function could disable the propagation of the virus early in the HCV life cycle. Novel therapeutics are aimed both at the HCV IRES structure and its nucleotide sequence. Small molecules and synthetic nucleic acids, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes, have been tested as potential therapeutic substances. In this paper particular attention is paid to small molecules interacting with HCV IRES.
|
|
|
Contractual penalty and its relationship to damages under the Commercial Code
Čáp, Michal ; Oehm, Jaroslav (referee) ; Patěk, Daniel (advisor)
56 VII. Summary in English CONTRACTUAL PENALTY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE DAMAGES PURSUANT TO THE (Czech) COMMERCIAL CODE The purpose of my thesis is to analyse (i) contractual penalty; (ii) damages; and (iii) relation between these afore-mentioned institutes pursuant to the Czech Commercial Code. The reason for my research is that, basically, the use of the contractual penalty excludes the claim for damages. Despite of these, there are several issues coming out from the application of these two instruments among. The paper is not only describing current legislation; it also takes into the account the continuing process of adopting the new Commercial Code, provided that the current is more than forty years old. The paper provides also an outline of the relevant Czech case law regarding each institute; as well as their mutual connexion. The thesis is composed of five main chapters. Chapter I. is introductory and defines the scope of this work. Chapter II. examines the relevant Czech legislation regarding the contractual penalty. This Chapter consists of thirteen parts, each of which describes particular aspects of the contractual penalty. Firstly, the current legislation governing the contractual penalty may be found in this Chapter. The contractual penalty is mentioned just in five sections of the acts: in...
|
|
|
Feasibility Study of Benefits of Étoilé User Environment
Čáp, Michal ; Zemčík, Pavel (referee) ; Eysselt, Miloš (advisor)
Tato práce popisuje cíle projektu Étoilé a analyzuje jejich proveditelnost. Étoilé je open-source projekt, který se snaží odstranit zastaralé koncepty ovládání počítače, často stále používané v současných operačních systémech jako je Microsoft Windows nebo Mac OS X. Práce obsahuje tyto části: popis koncept uživatelského rozhraní navržených v rámci projektu Étoilé ztvárnění fiktivního prostředí, které ukazuje možnou budoucí podobu projektu Étoilé rozbor úkonů prováděných při práci v tomto fiktivním prostředí - psaní dopisu a kolaborativní úpravy dokumentu průzkum, jak uživatelé přijímají tyto nové koncepty stručný popis systémové architektury projektu Étoilé odhad náročnosti implementace projektu
|
guest ::
RSS feed.