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Natural disturbances in central-european mountain spruce forests. A basis for forest restoration
Edwards-Jonášová, Magda ; Čermák, Martin
Risk of natural disturbances is a frequently discussed topic in the context of mountain spruce forests and global climate change. Recently, large-scale natural disturbances such as bark beetle outbreaks and windfalls have appeared relatively more frequently in Central-European mountain spruce (Picea abies L.) forests, which led to the enforcement of salvage logging even in some protected areas. Our study was performed as part of a long-term observation of recovery of spruce forests aff ected by bark beetle and windfall with and without interventions in two Central-European national parks, Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic and Tatra National Park in Slovakia. Th e results proved the ability of spruce forests to recover unassisted even from stand-replacing natural disturbances. Th eir biological legacies, which include standing and lying dead wood, are important for natural regeneration of tree species, and provide critical habitats for particular forest species. In comparison to natural disturbances, the artifi cial disturbances resulting from salvage logging destroyed a substantial part of the natural regeneration, which led to the need for artifi cial reforestation. Th us, the non-intervention strategy appears to be the best option for restoration of disturbed forests in the zone of mountain spruce forests. Based on our results, we propose that natural disturbances be considered as a basis for forest regeneration and restoration of their natural structure.
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Past hydrometeorological extremes in south-western Moravia (Czech republic) derived from taxation records
Chromá, Kateřina ; Brázdil, Rudolf ; Valášek, H. ; Zahradníček, Pavel ; Dolák, L.
Historical records related to taxation at fi ve landed estates located in the south-western part of Moravia in today’s Czech Republic are employed for the study of hydrological and meteorological extremes during the 1761–1900 period. At that time, the tax system in Moravia allowed farmers to request tax relief if their crops or land were damaged by natural disaster. Th is study disclosed a total of 69 hydrometeorological events resulting in damage in the 1761–1900 period, with the highest concentration of extreme events in 1771–1799 and 1822– 1849 (together 82.6%). Of 113 extremes classifi ed, torrential rains (34.5%) and hailstorms (31.9%) were the most frequent, followed by thunderstorms, fl oods, windstorms and fl ash fl oods. June (30.4%) was the month with the highest occurrence of extreme events and July (31.0%) for classifi able extremes; in both cases their highest frequency occurred in May–August. However, the results obtained are infl uenced by uncertainties related to taxation records, such as temporal and spatial incompleteness or limitation of the vegetation period, as well as by the local occurrence of the phenomena studied, a trend demonstrated by comparison with the results of Dolák et al. (2013). Taxation records constitute a very important source of data for historical climatology and hydrology.
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Valutation of ecosystem services provided by habitat on the basis of biodiversity characteristics and the rate and sustainability of selected ecosystem functions
Cudlín, Pavel ; Prokopová, Marcela ; Cudlín, O.
Increasing human impacts on ecosystems result in a continuous decrease in biodiversity; scientists try to estimate the consequences in ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service (ES) provision. A suitable space framework to study this relationship could be the habitat and its relative value expressed by the monetary valuation of a selected fi nal ES. A cross connection of the methods for ecosystem functioning assessment with biodiversity valuation of habitats would enable an estimation of the role of biodiversity in ES provision. It is necessary to identify not only present functioning, described by eff ect traits, but also its sustainability under global environmental change conditions, described by response traits. Th is approach could reveal the resilience and adaptation potential of present habitats to environmental change and subsequently potential changes in ES provision.
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Pracovní stáže studentů VŠ jsou standardní nutností
Kolman, Jiří ; Fitzová, M.
Článek se zabývá přínosem stáží z několika úhlů pohledu. Jedná se o zkušenosti studentky (stážistky), absolventa několika stáží v ČR a zahraničí a poskytovatele stáží. Pokud chce student v dnešní době uspět na pracovním trhu tak absolvování stáže je jednou z podmínek úspěchu – stává se tak standardem. Stáže jsou podporovány i v zahraničí. Jako příklad je uveden program Evropské komise a její přístup k podpoře stáží a transparentní informování o nich. I pro organizace se stává poskytování stáží (nutným) standardem.
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Meření a využití spektrální odrazivosti (reflektance) slunečního záření z hladiny povrchových vod
Vinciková, H. ; Pechar, L. ; Hanuš, Jan
Metodika popisuje možnosti měření (DPZ) spektrální odrazivosti (reflektance) z vodní hladiny a využití naměřené reflektance při hodnocení kvality vody, respektive k monitorování povrchových stojatých vod, především z hlediska rozsahu eutrofizace a rozvoje vodních květů. Cílem je poskytnout efektivní nástroj pro rychlý přehled o situaci v podmínkách České republiky, a to i pro poměrně velká území, a tedy pro více vodních těles najednou. Tato metoda využívající DPZ umožňuje rychlý screening stavu a kvality vody, bez nutnosti provádět časově náročnější a v celkově finančně nákladnější terénní odběry a laboratorní analýzy.
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Zkušenosti s evropskými infrastrukturními projekty (ESFRI) a spolupráce v rámci ERIC (European research infrastructures consortium) a související komunikace (právo na informace) s Evropskou komisí
Kolman, Jiří
Pracuji v Centru výzkumu globální změny AV ČR, v. v. i., které v rámci OP VaVpI projektu CzechGlobe a dalších národních a evropských projektů interdisciplinárně zkoumá klimatické změny. Klíčovými aktivitami Centra je zapojení do mezinárodních sítí zkoumajících toky skleníkových plynů (ICOS ESFRI), participace na experimentálním měření toků látek v různých ekosystémech v rámci sítě ANAEE a nyní se Centrum zapojuje do mezinárodního měření aerosolů v ovzduší prostřednictvím evropské sítě ACTRIS. Mezinárodní spolupráce v rámci unijních rámcových projektů a pod evropskou právnickou hlavičkou ERIC nese jak radosti tak sebou přináší i strasti, kterými musí každé evropské konsorcium projít. Ve svém příspěvku se tak pokusím analyzovat následující aspekty: 1) Lesk a bída konsorciálních smluv rámcových projektů a pravidel ESFRI spolupráce. 2) Aspekty duševního vlastnictví a politiky zpřístupňování dat 3) Open Access – Přístup k datům a k VaV infrastruktuře 4) Související komunikace s Evropskou komisí ve světle právního institutu svobodného přístupu k informacím
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Analysis of Rainfall Intensity in the Area of Brno
Štěpánek, Petr ; Zahradníček, Pavel ; Doleželová, M.
The measurements of 18 stations in the area of Brno, in the Czech Republic, were established for the purpose of better management of the city sewerage system. The background for the measurements was to propose optimizations for the sewerage network for occasions of extremely intense precipitation. The automatic precipitation stations (instrument type SR 02) were installed with respect to the prevailing wind direction (inflow), and at least four stations were situated along the main sewerage routes (Prax et al., 2010). These measurements were combined with the measurements of CHMI. Before evaluation of the measurements, quality control was executed on the daily sums and 15-minute precipitations and all suspicious data were compared with radar measurements and erroneous input data were removed. From this quality-controlled data, the maxima of precipitation sums for durations of 5, 10, 15 and 60 minutes were calculated for the given time frames (months, seasons and years) and were spatially analyzed.
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Climate Change in the Area of the Czech Republic according to Various Model Simulations
Štěpánek, Petr ; Skalák, Petr ; Farda, Aleš ; Zahradníček, Pavel
In recent years, simulations from various regional climate models became available for the area of the Czech Republic, thank to several national or international projects (e.g. the EC FP6 projects CECILIA, ENSEMBLES or VaV). The simulations of the all models were performed according to the IPCC A1B emission scenario with various spatial resolutions. Since models suffer from biases, the model outputs were statistically corrected using the quantile approach of M. Déqué. After correction, RCM outputs were statistically processed and analyzed. In this paper, the differences between models outputs, as well as corrected and uncorrected results, are presented.
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