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The Role of a Nurse in Care of a Patient with Mononucleosis
LAŽANSKÁ, Soňa
Theoretical background Infectious mononucleosis belongs to relatively widespread viral infectious diseases in the Czech Republic. Epstein-Baar virus (EBV) participates in occurrence of the infection by 80 %, infectious mononucleosis may more rarely be caused by cytomegalovirus. Each individual factually suffers from infection caused by EBV during his/her life, however its course is unapparent in most cases. An affected individual or an individual not affected, who is a virus carrier may be considered the source of the infection. Infectious mononucleosis usually affects children and teenagers, in older individuals the infection is quite rare. The disease might start rapidly or gradually with prodromes like headache, sore throat, nausea, fatigue and perspiration. Infectious mononucleosis is often confused with other diseases like e.g. tonsillitis, or more serious progress of flue, particularly for the symptoms accompanying the disease. Fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are the most frequent symptoms. The disease may also cause numerous unpleasant complications, particularly hematologic, neurologic, cardio-pulmonary and autoimmunity complications. A nurse plays a very substantial role in client care. It is very important for a nurse to have sufficient knowledge and to know the right procedure of all interventions he/she meets within diagnostics and treatment of infectious mononucleosis. These are particularly biological material collection, per os administration or intravenous administration of medicines. A nurse should also be familiar with the Priessnitz compress application technique. In non-self-sufficient clients a nurse is also responsible for client's hygiene. A nurse has an important role in client education providing information on dietetic measures. A nurse has to lead a client to adherence to the prescribed diet and body calm. Everything depends on client's current condition. A client should also avoid mental strain during convalescence. We should note that not all forms of infectious mononucleosis require hospitalization. The aim of the thesis The aim of the thesis was to find out the role of nurses in the care of patients with infectious mononucleosis and also to find how satisfied patients with the nursing care and education are after going through mononucleosis. This was why the following research questions were chosen: What is the role of a nurse in care of a patient with mononucleosis? How satisfied are patients with the nursing care after going through mononucleosis? How satisfied are patients with education in diet regime adherence after going through mononucleosis? Applied Methods Qualitative research was chosen for finding out the required information. The information was gained by means of deep interviews with nurses working at the infectious department of České Budějovice Hospital and with clients after going through infectious mononucleosis. All the interviews were recorded on a voice recorder and then transcribed. The transcribed interviews were subject to detailed analysis by the paper and pencil method with open coding. Results Six categories were set upon analysis of the interviews with nurses: Awareness of the infectious mononucleosis disease among nurses, Nursing care of a client with infectious mononucleosis, Regime measures, Information on dietetic measures, Recommendations after infectious mononucleosis and Education of a client with infectious mononucleosis. Five categories were set upon detailed analysis of the interviews with the clients: Recommended treatment, Nursing care, Recommended measures, Methods of information communication and Information sources for clients. Subcategories, in which the key data are coded, are assigned to the individual categories.
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Diversity, phylogeny and biology of various strains of Cryptosporidium muris
HAVRDOVÁ, Nikola
The morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of various isolates of Cryptosporidium muris, namely HZ206 and TS03 were described. Oocysts of C. muris TS03 measuring 7.77 ? 0.23 × 5.20 ? 0.08 ?m with a length to width ratio of 1.48 ? 0.02 (n = 100) were morphometrically larger than C. muris HZ206 oocysts measuring 7.62 ? 0.40 × 6.63 ? 0.09 ?m; 1.32 ? 0.02 (n = 100) (p=0.034). Oocysts of both C. muris TS03 and HZ206 isolates obtained from naturally infected Tachyoryctes splendens and Mus musculus musculus, respectively, were infectious for na?ve 8-week-old Mastomys coucha. While the prepatent period of C. muris TS03 was 19-21 days post infection (DPI) and the animals did not lost infection within 120 DPI, animals infected with HZ206 start to shed oocysts 13-15 DPI with patent period 63-112 DPI. The accumulated value of infection intensity (AUC) in TS03 infected animals ranged from 250,000,000 to 800,000,000 oocysts per patent period (OPP) and HZ206 from 11,000,000 to 35,000,000 OPP. Histologically, a massive infection of cryptosporidia was detected in the glandular epithelium of stomach. Histopathological changes had a non-inflammatory character and included distinctive dilatation of infected parts of the glands with atrophy and metaplasia of the glandular epithelial cells. Infection with TS03 influenced the size of the stomach. While physiological weight of stomach of na?ve 12-week old mastomys and those infected with HZ206 were 0.61 ? 0.06 g and 0.70 ? 0.17 g,respectively, abnormal enlargement of stomach was observed in animals infected with TS03 (3.23 ? 0.51 g). There was no effect on feed intake among tested groups. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, actin, MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16 gene sequences revealed that C. muris TS03 is genetically distinct from other C. muris isolates. In conclusion, morphological, genetic, and biological data support the establishment of Cryptosporidium muris TS03 as a new species.
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Analysis of health problems in the breed parrots of the genus Amazona
JEŘÁBEK, Zdeněk
In addition to several critically endangered species, parrots of the genus Amazon are now commonly kept in the breeding zoos (zoological gardens) and as breeding pets. In observance of certain rules it is possible these parrots from tropical areas of the New World breed well in our environment and climate. Even with what the most suitable conditions for breeding in captivity, these parrots can be affected by various health problems and diseases. This study aimed to gather the latest knowledge veterinary issues affecting the parrots of the genus Amazon and they are divided into sections according to the type of disease and occurring health problems. Index of bird diseases: Infectious diseases. Injuries and accidents. Environmental effects. Development and growth abnormalities. Cancer diseases. Other diseases. The list of these diseases concludes summary of the most common diseases. At the end of this work are listed diseases to which they have parrots the genus Amazon predisposing conditions.
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The teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech education system
JOSKOVÁ, Jitka
The major goal of the thesis "Teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech school system" is to determine whether and to what extent is the curriculum of elementary schools incorporated lessons prevention of infectious diseases. Part of the curriculum in primary schools should be framework of basic education, prevention of infectious diseases, because it is the only way that the children instill awareness of the basic types of microorganisms, various ways of transmission, the difference between viral and bacterial diseases as well as the different treatment of these diseases. Only in such a way, the teaching of the issue touches the vast majority of primary schools (6-15years). The thesis consists of two parts, the theoretical part and the practical part.
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The chosen topics from health propedeutics - tattoo, piercing and intimate hygiene of boys and girls in the age between 12 - 15 years.
HÁKOVÁ, Alena
The thesis is based on the results of theoretical - empirical studies. The aim of my thesis is the primary monitoring of the skills of boys and girls in the pubescent age from the chapters selected from propedeutics. This is an area of tattoos, piercings and intimate hygiene. Keywords: tattoo, piercing, intimate hygiene, boy, girl, health propedeutics, body art, infection. The work consists of several parts. The theoretical part describes the function of tattoos, side effects of application, piercings, intimate hygiene of men and women, the development of children in the age of 12 to 15 years, compulsory school attendance. The practical part analyzes the level of awareness, identifies students' attitudes towards this issue. Analysis are based on questionnaires which I wrote by myself and which were filled in by students of selected schools. Processing is shown in the graphic design. In conclusion, I can certify that the students of secondary schools are better informed than primary school students. Research question ?girls are better informed than boys? was been confirmed.
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Important food-borne pathogens in raw cow´s milk
HRUBEŠOVÁ, Kristýna
This work talks about the problems of food-borne pathogens in raw milk, with a special focus on Campylobacter jejuni and Staphylococcus aureus including its negative influence on health of the consumers. The topic of consumption of raw milk was lately a much discussed question and is further described in the text. With consideration to possible occurrence of food-borne pathogens, it is important to thermally treat raw milk before consumption. Despite this fact there is still a large number of consumers who don?t respect this technical procedure and they threaten their own health.
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Poultry cryptosporidiosis
KURAL, Vladimír
A total of 270 samples of domestic hen (Gallus gallus f. domestica) from 20 farms were collected during two consecutive years (from 2011 to 2012). Microscopical examination of aniline-carbol-methyl violet stained fecal smears revealed 5 positive samples originating from one farm. DNA was extracted from Cryptosporidium positive samples and all microscopically negative samples. Nested PCR was performed to amplify the partial SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. The sequence analyses of PCR-positive specimens identified 8 samples as a novel genotype, working titled Cryptosporidium hen genotype. The sequences identified as hen genotype matched most closely with Cryptosporidium bovis which was originally reported from cattle in the most cases.
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Methodics of molecular detection of Barley yellow dwarf virus in vectors by RT-PCR
Jarošová, Jana ; Jaňourová, Blanka ; Kumar, Jiban
Barley yellow dwarf is one of the most important viral diseases of cereals in the world. It can cause significant yield losses in most cereal species, including wheat, barley, rice, corn, oat and rye. In this methodology we provide assays for reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for sensitive detection of barley yellow dwarf virus directly in the vectors, in aphids. This way it is possible to evaluate infectivity of vectors and from that conclude subsequent measures. The methodology is meant to serve the employees of State Phytosanitary Administration.
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Detection of cryptosporidia by means of molecular methods in clinical samples:infection or the transit of oocyst through the host gastrointestinal tract?
MUNZAROVÁ, Lucie
Representatives of the Cryptosporidium family are, from a medical and veterinary aspect, designated as important unicellular parasitic protozoa infecting all classes of vertebrates including humans. Their development cycle is monoxene, which means that its life cycle is completed uniquely in one host. Their exogenous stages of infection development ? oocysts ? are mostly secreted in faeces causing a parasitic disease called Cryptosporidiosis. Generally, it is assumed that isolated cryptosporidia from one class of vertebrates are not contagious for other hosts from different classes, and also, that the majority of cryptosporidia types and genotypes have low host specifity. However, there are many cases where the presence of oocysts was proved, or the presence of specific cryptosporidium DNA in faeces of atypical hosts. With regard to the fact that the majority of genotypes and their potential hosts were described only on the basis of the presence of the specific cryptosporidium DNA in faeces, the question arises as to whether the aforementioned hosts are in all cases perceptive to the given infection, or it was only contamination in a sample or the transit of oocysts through the host gastrointestinal tract. This issue is also characterised as being the main objective of this thesis. The study gives an appropriate answer to this question by a series of experiments. Different isolations of cryptosporidia were used for experimental infection of rodents which were per orally infected and put down after reaching the specified patent period. By means of the combination of standard parasitological and molecular methods, the presence of oocysts and specific DNA of cryptosporidia in faeces and in mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract of infected hosts was observed. The results of this study prove that the transit of oocysts through the gastrointestinal tract can be detected in the interval between 6 and 24 hours after infection, yet not in every case. On the basis of this finding, the first hypothesis which stated that it is not possible to qualify explicitly by detection of a specific cryptosporidium DNA in faeces whether the infection has begun in the host or it is the transit of oocysts through the host gastrointestinal tract, was thus partially proved. On the other hand the second hypothesis stating that the specific cryptosporidium DNA in clinical samples of faeces can be detected only in cases of the host´s successful infection, was rejected.
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