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Comparison of nursing care about patients with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis
JANOUŠKOVÁ, Jaroslava
The number of patients with kidney disease is increasing worldwide. Such diseases include chronic kidney failure that needs dialysis treatment. Problems associated with providing nursing care to patients in a dialysis program are extensive and specific. Starting the treatment with a peritoneal dialysis or a haemodialysis causes a great psychological burden to patients. It noticeably affects not only patients' lives but also lives of their family and friends. Patients in the regular dialysis program are facing many health and social problems. Mutual trust between a nurse and a patient on dialysis to a certain extent influences the course of the treatment. Balanced and satisfied patient can live a better and more valuable life. The goals of the thesis: 1) To determine whether a comparably high quality nursing care is provided to patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis 2) To determine whether the approach to the provision of nursing care to the patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis is comparable. 3) To determine whether comparable forms of education and communication are used in providing nursing care for the patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Research questions: 1) Is the nursing care provided to the patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis of comparable quality? 2) A the approach to the provision of nursing care for patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis comparable? 3) Are comparable forms of education and communication used in providing nursing care for the patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis? Methods used: In the empirical part of the thesis a qualitative research was used to process data. The research was conducted through a non-standardized interview. Three sets of questions were created for the three groups of respondents, i.e. the respondents with peritoneal dialysis, respondents with haemodialysis and nurses who take care of patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The criterion for the selection of respondents was their willingness to cooperate. The nature and purpose of the research was explained to the addressed respondents. From the interviews with patients it was determined how they perceive the provided nursing care, the nurses' approach, and the way of interaction during haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Interviews with nurses were focused on comparability and demands of nursing care for patients with haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, as well as on the used forms of communication and the way how to approach these patients. Results: The results of the research show that the care provided to patients with peritoneal dialysis as well as with haemodialysis is perceived by the responding patients with peritoneal dialysis, with haemodialysis and nurses as of the same quality. Peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis each have their specificities and a different way of execution. Both are provided in differing environments. Peritoneal dialysis is done by the patient himself in their own social environment. During haemodialysis, nursing care is provided to the patient by nurses in a haemodialysis centre. As comparable is perceived by all respondents the nurses' approach to the patients, i.e. to each patient individually. In conclusion, the results imply that nurses during the contact with the patients with peritoneal dialysis and with haemodialysis use comparable forms of communication and education. Conclusion: At the present time there is an attempt to perform dialysis treatment to benefit the patient as much as possible. Peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis are considered as equivalent substitute for renal function. They differ only in the principle and the method of executing. Nursing care provided to patients with peritoneal dialysis and with haemodialysis is perceived by the respondents as of comparable quality. The results of this thesis can be the basis for further research.
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Eating Habits of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
KRÁLOVÁ, Kateřina
The topic of my bachelor work is Eating Habits of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. The Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness, which is for its high incidence in the population regarded as disease of civilization. There are approximately 15 000 000 people with diabetes type 1. according to the International Diabetes Federation, which is little over 7 % of the total number of diabetics. The aim of the bachelor work is to describe, through the research, eating habits found at patient type 1 diabetes and to map the reasons that lead to noncompliance of diabetic diet set by physician. So to answer the research questions: "What are the eating habits type 1 diabetic?" and "What are the reasons for patient to not follow recommended diet?" The research part is elaborated in the form of qualitative research using semi-structured interview. Total of seven diabetic patient in the age range from twenty-three to fifty years, provided the interview. The data were obtained from patients who were treated at diabetes physician MD Lenka Dohnalová in the diabetes clinic at a hospital in České Budějovice. Interviewing these patients was not purposely carried out in the presence of nurses or diabetologist in order to prevent degradation of the answers of interviewed persons. As result, the respondents were not afraid to tell the truth and the information obtained was as objective as possible. Patients were helpful and willing to give interviews. Respondents did not mention their names so the entire interview is anonymous. Everyone agreed to provide an interview and also agreed on being recorded. Two research questions were set and answered on the basis of anonymous interviews. Research Question No. 1: 1st What are the eating habits of type 1 diabetes patients? It is obvious that patients with diabetes were told that they should keep track of the number of carbohydrates eaten in the food. Six respondents use replaceable units to achieve it, 12 grams of carbohydrate equals 1 replaceable unit. One respondent does not recalculate the carbohydrates in the food on replaceable units, but is familiar with using the grams of carbohydrates. I was surprised by the answer on the special diet, a product formerly known as "dia," I did not expect that it consumes only one respondent. Beyond my original expectations is also surprising fact that neither of the respondents check the glycemic index in their food. Research Question No. 2: 2nd What are the reasons not to comply the recommended diet? It is obvious that patients try to comply the regime. None of the respondents currently have a problem with self-monitoring, application of insulin or consumption of food and beverages at school or at work. One respondent stated that she had these problems at work, and she is now on a disability pension. The results of the research are useful for health professionals who take care of diabetic patients. Intended use of the work in practice: Issuing this in diabetes clinics should support and enhance awareness of patients with diabetes about their disease.
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Use of videotaped lessons in preservice mathematics teachers education
Stachová, Barbora ; Vondrová, Naďa (advisor) ; Novotná, Jarmila (referee)
The thesis deals with the use of videorecordings in the education of mathematics teachers. Its goal is to a) make a review of literature focusing on the importance and ways of use of videorecordings in the education of mathematics teachers, b) choose video extracts from mathematics lessons which can be used in the course of mathematics education for future mathematics teachers and make proposals for their use (context, tasks for students), c) trial some of them with students, future mathematics teachers. The theoretical part summarises some results of TIMSS Video Study and includes a review of possible uses of videorecordings of mathematics lessons in the education of preservice and in-service teachers. Results of some research in this area are given. The core of the thesis consists of the practical part. Chapter 4 includes detailed descriptions of 12 videocases, that is videorecordings with proposed tasks for students. Chapter 5 consists of an experiment with students in which two of my proposed videocases were used with prospective mathematics teachers. The teaching potential of the videocases is described. Chapter 6 analyses the students' reactions to one whole mathematics lesson and their differing focus of attention is emphasised. Authentic reactions of prospective mathematics teachers are...
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Alternative lifestyle option as being satisfied
BENDOVÁ, Kateřina
The topic of this diploma thesis is Alternative lifestyle as a form of content human existence. This thesis is focused on specification of subculture and I defined the subculture of homeless people, which as I assumed and also as my own research data showed, can demonstrate the content form of human existence. The theoretical part of this thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter constitutes a theoretical scope of this thesis where I put emphasis on social norms and theory of social deviation, which are crucial for homeless people who are demonstrating alternative lifestyle which is significantly different from the lifestyle of mainstream conformist society. Second chapter describes characteristics of homelessness. The third chapter includes procedure of help to homeless people in their life situation. There are also stated social services for homeless people. The last chapter is focused on the alternative lifestyle. I also deal with the topic of voluntary homelessness. The aim of this diploma thesis is description of aspects of lifestyle of the observed subculture of homeless people. The target group consists of 20 homeless people in age from 18 to 70 years. A method of qualitative approach was applied and a method of analysis of case studies was used for data collection. The main technique of data collection was an interview with directions which I used with 10 homeless people who were in asylum house and with 10 homeless people who were present directly at the public areas. In the context of this thesis five research questions were determined. The primary data was coded/indexed and then processed with the framework analysis according to Ritchie and Spencer. The outcomes of the research showed that the most frequent reason for the origin of homelessness is alcohol addiction. Most frequently it is related to single or divorced man and women. The daily regime of homeless people is from a greater half regular. Among the most frequent daily activities in the asylum house can be mentioned watching television, cleaning common areas of the asylum house, fixed activities and drinking coffee. The outdoor activities mostly constitute of collection of metal, cooking, shopping for food and searching the garbage bins. They usually spend winter nights in facilities of social services (doss house, asylum house), in a tent, in makeshift shanties, or in a squat. Most people spend their days with their friends or partners. People who live in public areas are more willing to make some extra money. There was three times higher experience with begging of the people who live in public areas than people who live in asylum houses. People in asylum houses usually pay for day board meals. People who live outside in public areas procure their food in supermarkets, day centres and doss houses and in garbage bins. For homeless people nicotine addiction is more frequent than alcohol addiction. They perform their personal hygiene in the facilities of social services (day centre, doss house, asylum house). They usually get their clothes from social or asylum clothes supplies. They do not live in relationships with partners however people who live in the public areas have more sexual contacts. More than half of respondents do not think about their future. People who live in asylum houses are more satisfied with their life situation, nevertheless more than half of respondents would like to change their life situation. On basis of the results of this research theoretical concepts were induced.
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Creating and a Pilot Authentication of a Unified Medical Documentation. A Case study in the Regional Hospital Náchod
Dušková, Renata ; Vrzáček, Petr (advisor) ; Drábková, Hana (referee)
This thesis is based on the results of the diagnostics of an organisation that I carried out in the Regional Hospital Náchod. I work in the top management as a charge nurse. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical one. The legal regulations are dealt with in the theoretical part. They modify the administration of the medical documentation; the description of the nursing process, the files of the nursing documentation and regulations for managing the nursing documentation. The focus of this thesis lies in the research part. It is based on the diagnostics of an organisation that I carried out in the hospital. It was part of a contract made with the Faculty of Humanities at the Charles University in Prague. The contract was about the diagnostics of the medical documentation with an emphasis on the nursing documentation. The analysis of the documentation was carried out in all the departments of every regional hospital, which is a part of the Náchod Regional Hospital, i. e. the regional hospitals in Náchod, Broumov, and Opočno. I found out that the nursing documentation is not unified in the hospitals. Each department was using different types of documentation including their content. The documentation was not standardised. During my research, I also found several mistakes in the...
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Newborn baby care at childbirth out of health facility
KOHÚTOVÁ, Tereza
This thesis deals with the assurance the necessary care of the newborns at birth outside of health facility. I emphasize that I do not deal with the issue of planned births outside of hospitals, but acute situations that could not be foreseen. I focus on the main principles of newborns care, where conditions are very limited for midwifes. I consider the main principles are the evaluation of risks of newborns based on anamnesis in pregnancy card, which pregnant woman is required to have with her at all times, also minimal disruption neonatal physiology adaptation and evaluation of the newborns after birth. The aim of the thesis was to catch midwive´s awareness to solving of newborns care at birth outside of health facility. I focused on methods, which formidwifes prefer for maintaining the knowledge about midwifery. I focused on their reactions about births outside of health facility, simultaneously that they have to be able to provide adequate care for newborns immediately after birth, including neonatal resuscitation. In the empirical part I used a metodology of structured interview with eight midwives from the South Moravia Region, who have at least two years experience in the practice. The interview took place in a hospital setting, on antenatal courses and home setting. Midwives answered very willingly and they sufficiently developed the questioned issues. They were asked on three research questions. The first research question concerned on the maintenance of knowledge of midwives. The following questions showed that midwives are forced to prioritize self study of literature or attendance on the courses. Specialized courses on my research topic is unfortunately missing in the Czech Republic. The second research question dealt with the issue of care of the newborns at birth outside of health facility and the ability of midwifes deal with this problematic. They are able to handle with childbirth of newborns outside of health facility. After the first frightining, they were be able to handle it as well as in the hospital, but unfortunately without aids, because the necessary aids had prepared with her only one of them. The newborn also should be adequately cared. Great attention should be devoted to thermoregulation. Newborn after birth can not keep warm. They had dried out of newborn and covered him of blanket. Some of them laid the infant on the mother's abdomen and followed by neonatal and maternal vital signs. The last research question related to neonatal resuscitation. The midwifes were not so sure in their answers in this problematic. They were be able to adequately begin of resuscitation, but unfortunately, as I already mentioned, they had not prepare with them the necessary aids, so they have to work without the aids. For the first they would ensure the airways and possible aspiration followed by mouth-to-mouth breathing, in the neutral position of newborn. Neutral position had in mind that the infant laid on a flat surface on the back, head toward to them, so the head was not too backswept or bend over. They would continue by indirect heart massage, where they used technique of using second and third or techniques of using inches. The research showed that the midwifes stand proof during the birth of newborn outside of health facility, but all of them would called the ambulance, due to possible risks incurred. Just would be the necessary to implement courses on this topic, encourage midwives to get a small package "in the pocket" and increase the number of practical training in neonatal resuscitation, becasue the theoretical training midwives is not enough. In my opinion, the results of the research could be used as educational material for working midwives, as information or educational resource for students of midwifery.
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Social Impacts of Prostitution
BAIEROVÁ, Jana
The word ?Prostitution? means something we also call ?Providing sexual services for money?. It is an extremely old job that is not similar to any other job and it has been in our society since the very beginning. Prostitution is perceived as negative pathological phenomenon in our society. Penalize, supervise or legalize? These are questions that the Czech Republic has been asking very often lately. However, none of these forms will actually eliminate the negative effects that accompany prostitution. Especially social impacts and the way they are perceived by those women who make their living by providing sex for money, and that have been subject to this research. The goal of my work was to describe the social impacts of prostitution considering the specifics of the South Bohemian region mainly from the point of view of social aspects. I have used qualitative strategy for my research. The data collection was carried out with the help of non-structured intense and depth interviews. The research group consisted of 8 women that make their living providing sexual services for money in luxurious erotic club called SYDNEY. Results of this research provide possibilities as to how to look into the issue of prostitution, how to grasp on understanding of the women?s motivation toward their prostitution behavior, map out their live situations, discover difficulties of the prostitution carrier and find out how they see their future. Common characteristics that led to the formation of prostitution carrier have been such that the interviewed women grew in disturbed family environment; most of them graduated from high school prior their prostitution carrier, no boyfriend or husband, lack of finances and starting with the prostitution based on recommendation of their girlfriend. Development of their carrier is characterized by certain specifics. Every one of them works under a nickname, they do not encounter any physical violence during their carrier and typical thing is having the same customers. Most of the women drink alcohol during their work, neighborhood they live in does not know about their carrier as prostitutes, they usually have no children, none of the women provide the sexual services with pleasure, some are afraid to be identified, most of them are not afraid to get infected with sexual transmitted diseases and typical is change of their role while working with the client. All of them want to quit their job as prostitute in the future. Most of them however, need to make money since they are afraid that they will not be able to find any other job and most of them are not interested to find a partner. Based on the interviews and responses to the above mentioned questions it was possible to characterize the social impact in company prostitution that follow: untaxed income of prostitutes, drinking alcohol and risking addiction, addiction to high financial income, difficulties finding suitable partner to start family, difficulties finding a job, psychological stress, promiscuous behavior, separation from their home and risk to be infected with sexual transmitted diseases. The last examined phenomenon was whether the women in question have been aware of the possibilities of social work and if they perceive this as an option. The result was that considering the specifics of their job and position, they are not very interested in some social work. They don?t need to use the social services and they don?t want to communicate with the social workers. They do however know where to seek the possible assistance and how to get in touch with the social workers. This Thesis can help to understand reasons why are these women involved in prostitution, bring some light into the situation how their lives evolved and where they see positive and/or negative impacts of such activities in social field. It can also help to discover the striking differences in the forms of prostitution and describe specifics of prostitution.
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Motivation of Volunteers Performing Canistherapy
BERANOVÁ, Diana
Abstract Voluntarism has recently been a more and more spoken point, and it has been popular with people of various ages in the society. The aim of this thesis: The Motivation of Volunteers Practising Canistherapy, is to find out, why the volunteers engage exactly in canistherapeutical activity and what is their main motivation. The next intention is to find out, in what way the coordinators of a particular programme work with the motivation of the volunteers and how they develop it. Within this thesis there has been defined another research issue: Why the volunteers devote their free time particularly to the canistherapeutical work, and one more partial research issue: What is the way the coordinators work with the motivation of the volunteers. The Bachelor thesis has been divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part has been completely devoted to the topic of zootherapy, mainly to its historical development. Next it has been devoted to the canistherapy itself, mainly to its participants, forms, techniques and its use in the society. Another part deals with the voluntarism from the point of view of choosing of the suitable volunteers, training of the volunteers, organisations that provide with the voluntarism in the sphere of canistherapy and coordinators of particular programmes including the helpful supervision. Last but not least it the part about motivation, mainly about the motivation of volunteers and its reinforcement.In the practical part there has been used the qualitative research strategy, the method of questioning and the technique of focus group. The selected set N1 has consisted of the volunteers who have practised canistherapy at least for 6 months and the set N2 have been the coordinators of the particular programme. The number of respondents in the set N1 is ten and in the set N2 is five. The data has been processed via the content analysis of dialogues. There have been addressed ten volunteers who have devoted themselves to voluntarism in the sphere of canistherapy for more than six mohths, so they have the necessary experience. The results of the research have shown that mainly women are engaged in canistherapy. The main motivation of the volunteers for practising of the canistherapeutical service is mostly their dog, that they want to devote their free time to, but at the same time, these people want to engage in the sphere of voluntarism to help other people. Another inspiration for the volunteers, have been their friends, who had practised canistherapy before. From the research there also arises that this activity enables some personal benefits, i. e. getting new skills, experiences and information that the volunteers subsequently use and consider them to be very highly-valued. These personal benefits subsequently lead them to the very important motivation. The research also shows that voluntarism has very strongly influenced the life of the volunteers and their sight of the world. Mainly from the point of view of reappraise of their life priorities, they consider mainly health to be really important. They also realize that the free time they invest is used to good purpose. At the same time these respondents want to devote to canistherapy in the future. The thesis can be used as motivation for other potential volunteers, who would like to take part in the process of canistherapy. Thanks to this thesis more privates than so far could be involved into canistherapy and also more organizations that are able to support voluntarism in this sphere. The public can get some more information about this activity and engage more in this sphere. The training canistherapeutical association Hafík, in which the research took place, is going to be provided with this thesis, because they have been interested in it.
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Formula in infancy - composition, indication
BOČKOVÁ, Jaroslava
Formula is an artificial milk nutrition which is possible to use if the child is not breast-fed and in this case it can substitute the breast milk. It is important to realize that breast milk is still the "gold standard" of infant nutrition and the formula is "merely" substitute and that means breast milk cannot be adequately replace. My bachelor thesis is on the topic of Formula in infancy - the composition and indications. Therefore I focused not only on the formula itself, but also on the natural nutrition of infants as breast milk. I divided the theoretical part of the thesis into three main areas - breastfeeding, daily nutritional regime and the formula in infancy. I dealt with the composition of artificial milk formulas in my research. I compared breastfeeding with formulas from the perspective of mothers and I took an interest in reasons for the use of the artificial milk formulas and in brands which were tested by respondents. I also tried to find out if the mothers were enough informed about infant feeding. I used two methods of qualitative research - a content analysis and technique of semi-structured interviews. I had set four goals: The first was to compare formulas for infants on the Czech market, the second was to compare satisfaction of breastfeeding and non breastfeeding mothers with theinfant feeding method. The third was to identify the reasons for the use of formulas and find out which formulas women use. The fourth was to make a discovery if women are informed about the ways and possibilities of the infant feeding. Meanwhile I was dealing with research question number one, specifically if the composition of the individual formulas meets the requirements of Directive 2006/141/EC of the EU Commission I found that not all values are identical to legislation. At least it should be explored if the ingredients which are not equivalent to the approved amount could be harmful to child's health. I couldn?t answer the second question on the basis of composition of the artificial milk nutrition. So I assessed the quality of the offered range of brands on the Czech market from the theoretical part. Nutrilon has become the best brand according to this comparison. The question number three was if the women are more satisfied with breastfeeding or with the use of artificial milk formulas. I was comparing the experiences of breastfeeding and non breastfeeding mothers using the infant nutrition and I found out that nursing mothers are happier, despite the difficulties which accompany the mother during lactation. Also I found out that the reasons for the use of formulas were different in the group of respondents, as well as individual brands of the infant milks. Any mother has never tried alternative soy, goat or sheep milk. They followed the expert's advice and had never thought about these alternatives. I can agree with that and I don?t think this milk could be appropriate infant feeding. The last research question was focused on the respondent's knowledge of infant feeding. All respondents got education from the medical staff of the hospital, but some of them weren?t satisfied with the quality. Some mothers met with a lack of information at the pharmacist and general practice. It is important that the management of the device should lay stress on the proper education because quality child care is based on high-quality information. The results of my bachelor thesis should be like a subject to further detailed investigation and documentation which highlights the need of improvement of the quality information from experts.
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The Specifics of Care about a Patient after Dental Surgeries
CHUMOVÁ, Edita
This bachelor's dissertation deals with the specifics of attendant care for a patient after dental treatment. The term ?dental treatment? is not the synonym just for a surgical dental extraction. This term includes more forms of medical treatment, which are demanding for the surgeon as well as for the patient. Such patient needs a quality attendant care after the treatment, care represented by a nurse. The nurse is acquainted with the specifics of the care and knows how to look after the patient. The dissertation contains a theoretical as well as practical part. The introduction of the theoretic part consists of basic terms of stomatology and dental surgery, followed by an introduction into the anatomy and oral cavity physiology. The basic information is accompanied by information about stomatology investigation and cooperation of a nurse with a doctor. The dissertation continues with the most frequent diseases in dent alveolar and maxillofacial dental surgery. This is followed by preoperative preparation, divided into preparation for a planned treatment, which is long-term, short-term and immediate; preparation of the patient in local anaesthesia; urgent unplanned treatment and preparation of patients who are being cured on long-term bases with anticoagulative treatment. Later emerges a topic, which contains interventions executed at the patient after the treatment, together with the requested standards of the nurse looking after these patients. The theme of oral cavityhygiene, nutrition and pain is essential. There are also stated communicational and educational skills of a nurse and the final care for the patient practiced with the help of orofacial area rehabilitation. The practical part contains a quality examination via a semi structured dialogue consisting of 24 questions. The examination sample is represented by nurses from Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s., who look after dental surgery patients, it means nurses from dental ambulances, ORL (ear-nose-and-throat) and ophthalmological departments. It was found out during the examination survey that these patients are looked after at the department of traumatology as well. The dialogues are absolutely anonymous with the respondent?sfree choice. After the agreement of the respondents and the sister ward the dialogues were recorded on a dictaphone of a mobile phone. The examination took place at the beginning of the month of March. The semi structured dialogue contains basic characteristics of the respondent. The next part of examination was to find out, which patients after dental treatment are looked after by the respondents in their departments most often. Questions typical for the examined areafollowafter the introduction into the problematic, this means question dealing with taking meals, hygiene and education, the dialogues are further enriched with more unplanned questions. The record of the dialogues is registered in the bachelor?s dissertation in the form of a transcription and the results are dealt with via the categorization. For this examination there were stated three examination questions. The examination question 1: What is the specific of taking meals with the patient after a dental surgery? Examination question 2: What is the specific of oral cavity hygienic care with the patient after a dental surgery? Examination question 3: How does the nurse educate a patient after a dental surgery? The results of our dissertation are going to be accessible to the students who meet these patients during their practices, and for nurses who look after these patients. The results will serve to enrichment or completion of information in the field of after-treatment care for these patients. That is why the received information was dealt with as an information material, accessible in electronic version. The form of the information material is stated in the enclosure (Enclosure 4).
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