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Influence of parcellation atlas on quality of classification in patients with neurodegenerative dissease
Montilla, Michaela ; Lamoš, Martin (referee) ; Gajdoš, Martin (advisor)
The aim of the thesis is to define the dependency of the classification of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases on the choice of the parcellation atlas. Part of this thesis is the application of the functional connectivity analysis and the calculation of graph metrics according to the method published by Olaf Sporns and Mikail Rubinov [1] on fMRI data measured at CEITEC MU. The application is preceded by the theoretical research of parcellation atlases for brain segmentation from fMRI frames and the research of mathematical methods for classification as well as classifiers of neurodegenerative diseases. The first chapters of the thesis brings a theoretical basis of knowledge from the field of magnetic and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The physical principles of the method, the conditions and the course of acquisition of image data are defined. The third chapter summarizes the graph metrics used in the diploma thesis for analyzing and classifying graphs. The paper presents a brief overview of the brain segmentation methods, with the focuse on the atlas-based segmentation. After a theoretical research of functional connectivity methods and mathematical classification methods, the findings were used for segmentation, calculation of graph metrics and for classification of fMRI images obtained from 96 subjects into the one of two classes using Binary classifications by support vector machines and linear discriminatory analysis. The data classified in this study was measured on patiens with Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a combination of PD and MCI and subjects belonging to the control group of healthy individuals. For pre-processing and analysis, the MATLAB environment, the SPM12 toolbox and The Brain Connectivity Toolbox were used.
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Vývoj, optimalizace a validace analytické metody na stanovení neurotoxinu beta-N-methylamino-L-alaninu ve vodě a sinicích pomocí LC/MS
HOŘEJŠÍ, Karel
This master thesis deals with the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for determination of neurotoxin -N-methylamino-L-alanine in pond water and cyanobacteria using LC/MS. Firstly, basic parameters of the analytical method developed within authors´s bachelor thesis were verified. Following parameters were selected for verification: selection of suitable MRM transitions, voltage applied to S-lens and F-lens and standardized collision energy. Secondly, the system suitability testing was performed. Thirdly, the analytical method was successfully validated. Then, the testing and optimization of solid phase extraction for analysis of water samples were carried out. The pH of sample solution and composition of elution solution were chosen for the optimization. In addition, the trichloroacetic acid extraction with acid hydrolysis for cyanobacterial samples was carried out too. Finally, both solid phase extraction and trichloroacetic acid extraction were evaluated and applied to the analysis of real samples.
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Central nervous system plasticity in adulthood and after injury.
Procházková, Natálie ; Jendelová, Pavla (advisor) ; Chmelová, Martina (referee)
Perineural nets are a structure of extracellular matrix, enwrapping several subpopulations of neurons in the central nervous system. Their formation is linked to the closure of critical period and significant plasticity restriction. In a healthy organism, they are important for stabilisation of mature nervous system, support of highly active neurons, and neuroprotection. However, they are one of the factors that restrict tissue regeneration during pathological conditions by participating in the formation of glial scar and upregulating molecules that have inhibitory impact on neuron sprouting. Digestion of perineuronal nets, which is mostly achieved enzymatically, leads to re-opening of critical period and renewal of plasticity, potentiating neuronal sprouting and growth and overall regeneration of central nervous system after mechanical damage, such as spinal cord injury, or during neurodegenerative diseases, as is Alzheimer's disease. Perineural nets play a similar role in Alzheimer's disease and aging, where they participate in memory loss. Renewal of plasticity in these conditions leads to facilitation of synaptic transmission and therefore eliminating the memory deficit. Key words: neurodegenerative diseases, CNS injury, Alzheimer's disease, perineural nets, chondroitinsulfate proteoglycans
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Brain energy metabolism and its pathologies
Nová, Jana ; Telenský, Petr (advisor) ; Kolář, David (referee)
The brain belongs amongst metabolically most active organs and disturbances of brain energy metabolism are commonly cited as a critical factor predisposing to neurodegeneration. Brain metabolic substrates must be strictly regulated both spatially and temporarily to ensure the energy homeostasis of the brain. Research on energy metabolism of the brain identified several models revealing the interdependence of metabolic processes in the CNS. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury and ALS.
Gajdoš, Roman ; Jendelová, Pavla (advisor) ; Vargová, Lýdia (referee)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become a new phenomenon of regenerative medicine. It is obvious that they share some common characteristics with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as stemness potential, self-renewal p., differentiation p. iPSCs retain their epigenetic memory, allowing becoming patient-specific and so it is not necessary to apply immunosuppressants. The use of ESCs is controversial, because their acquisition is associated with embryo destruction. As a cell source for iPSCs derivation we can use any somatic cells, however, fibroblasts are preferably used due to their easy availability. With transcriptional reprogramming cocktail (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c- MYC / OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28) we can obtain required iPSCs line, which is then further differentiated into neural precursors (NPCs). These cells can be grafted into lesion site, where they can facilitate regeneration by several mechanisms (cell replacement, protective effect, facilitation the expression of trophic factors). Nevertheless, here we are still dealing with the risk of tumorogenesis or low cell derivation efficiency that limits the use of iPSCs in clinical practice. In this thesis we will therefore mainly focus on the therapeutic potential of iPSCs in preclinical studies, their use in the treatment of...
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Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy donors
Matějčková, Nicole ; Javorková, Eliška (advisor) ; Kanderová, Veronika (referee)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) possess a multilineage differentiation potential and have the ability to regulate reactivity of the immune system. They are usually isolated and expanded from the bone marrow, adipose tissue or umbilical cord. MSC represent promising cell population for the treatment of some severe diseases, such as amyotrofic lateral sclerosis (ALS), due to the combination of regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study is to compare MSC from ALS patients and healthy donors in their phenotype, proliferative activity and mainly their immunomodulatory properties. The assessment of impact of the disease on the properties of MSC is important for their autologous use in clinical trials. In this study we used MSC isolated from bone marrow of 14 ALS patients and 15 patients undergoing mostly orthopedic surgery as control group. We also used MSC stimulated for 24 hours by poinflammatory cytokines. Cells were compared in terms of immunophenotype, differentiation in adipocytes and osteoblasts, metabolic activity, expression of selected genes for immunomodulatory molecules and for inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Further experiments were focused on evaluation of immunomodulatory properties of MSC. The effect of MSC on peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated...
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Differentiation potential of polydendrocytes in pathological states of central nervous system
Pavlištová, Tereza ; Anděrová, Miroslava (advisor) ; Smejkalová, Terézia (referee)
NG2 cells also called polydendrocytes or oligodendrocyte progenitors comprise fourth type of glial cells in the brain. Ng2 glia express distinct markers on their cell surface, which can be used for their identification. Particularly, NG2 proteoglycan chondroitin sulphate and receptors for platelet-derived growth factor belong to the main markers. Polydendrocytes arise in two canals of spinal cord and also in the ventral part of frontal brain, telencephalon and diencephalon. Population of NG2 cells is heterogeneous because they differ morphologically, by their electrophysiological properties and distinct differentiation potential depending on localization in brain. In conditions in vitro, polydendrocytes can differentiate into oligodendrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes or neurons. In early postnatal brain, NG2 glia give rise to astrocytes, but most of these cells remain in the mature state or change themselves to oligodendrocytes. Pathological states of the central nervous system cause an activation of polydendrocytes, they start to be hypertrophied and increase expression of NG2 proteoglycan. Reaction of these cells is influenced by environment and chemical factors, for example growth factors, morphogens and cytokines. Depending on the type of CNS disorder the differentiation potential of NG2 glia...
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The role of nitric oxide in the patophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases
Matušková, Hana ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Alánová, Petra (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the importance of nitric oxide in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Nitric oxide is a biological active gas which affects, among other things, many functions of the central nervous system. Its activity is dependent on the concentration in small amounts has a positive effect, while overproduction contributes significantly to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In my work, I deal with the negative influence of nitric oxide in the development of epileptic seizures, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. In conclusion, I mentioned the possibility of determining the amount of nitric oxide concentration. Keywords Nitric oxide, ROS, RNS, neurodegenerative diseases, epileptic seizures, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease
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Prions in yeast
Bezdíčka, Martin ; Palková, Zdena (advisor) ; Žíla, Vojtěch (referee)
The thesis describes yeast prions and their biological effects on yeast in general. It defines the basic characteristics of yeast prions, that distinguish prions from other proteins. The thesis introduces various possibilities of prion formation, and propagation as well as specific types of yeast prions, including various functions of most studied types of prions. The thesis also focuses on chaperones that affect the state of yeast prions in cells. Lastly, the thesis indicates similarities between yeast prions and mammalian prions that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. Key words: Yeast prions, features of yeast prions, chaperones, neurodegenerative disease, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Vývoj, optimalizace a validace analytické metody na stanovení neurotoxinu \recke{beta}-N-methylamino-L-alaninu ve vodě pomocí LC/MS
HOŘEJŠÍ, Karel
This bachelor thesis deals with the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for determination of neurotoxin \recke{beta}-N-methylamino-L-alanine in water using LC/MS. At first, the development and optimization of the analytical method was performed. For the optimization of the analytical method following parameters were selected: temperature of HESI and MS capillary, gases flow rate, voltage on S-lens, F-lens and capillary, collision energy. In addition, mobile phase composition, flow rate of mobile phase and injection volume of sample were optimized too. Then, the analytical method was successfully validated. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of real samples of surface water.
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