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Evolution of human microbiota
Linhartová, Barbora ; Kreisinger, Jakub (advisor) ; Coufal, Štěpán (referee)
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a significant role in the human body. It affects the proper functioning of the body, such as the proper function of its immune system, fermentation of otherwise indigestible parts of food, synthesis of essential substances such as vitamins and other essential functions. When changing its composition, there may be a change in the processes associated with it and various pathologies associated with it. During human history several events, and changes in the way of life of people have occurred. The most important are the Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. This led to transformations in the composition of the gut microbiota. This results in, among other things, a higher prevalence in some autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as colon cancer, ulcers, and others. To know all the consequences of changes in the gut microbiota of people and possible solutions to the problems arising with them, it is necessary to know the microbiome of our ancestors, its composition, changes, and mechanism of origin. In my bachelor thesis, I will focus on intestinal bacteria and current knowledge about their composition, on the mechanisms of their formation (on social and transgenerational transmission), on changes in their composition and on evolutionary mechanisms....
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How does mycorrhiza protect the plant against phytoparasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita?
Novák, Václav ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee)
The nematode species Meloidogyne incognita is an important plant endoparasite. The infectious developmental stage infects plant roots in the soil to form pathological morphological formations - galls. The most widely used means of protecting crops from nematode infestation are chemical agents, nematocides. However, in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, emphasis is being placed on finding new, sustainable solutions to combat the parasites. One of these could be to exploit the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), which include increased protection of plants against biotic stresses. This may be due, in addition to improved nutrient availability (especially phosphorus), to the induction of a systemic defence response, or to the interaction of AM fungi with other organisms in the rhizosphere. The main objective of this study was to describe the effect of AM on the resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to root parasite, the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In three containerized greenhouse experiment the following was tested 1) the nutrient conditions for tomato cultivation with mycorrhiza, then 2) the effect of nematodes on growth and nutrient uptake by experimental plants, the interaction between nematodes and AM fungi in the root system, and 3) the effect of root...
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Geopolitical analysis of the armed conflict in Yemen
Brzicová, Kateřina ; Jelen, Libor (advisor) ; Tureček, Břetislav (referee)
This thesis delves into a detailed geopolitical analysis of the armed conflict in Yemen, examining the influences and factors that led to this conflict and the actors that have shaped this conflict since its escalation in 2015. The thesis aims to find the interconnectedness and motivations for the involvement of internal and external actors in the conflict in Yemen. Its primary goal is to find what motivates these actors to engage in the Yemen conflict and to examine their influence on the course and dynamics of the conflict. The thesis uses the methods of critical discourse analysis to examine the narratives and positions of the involved parties, enabling a deeper understanding of the political and ideological motivations and strategies that influence the course of the conflict. The analysis revealed the dominant narrative of internal and external actors through which they present and conceptualize the conflict and their role in the conflict and how they use this narrative to legitimize their actions - military and political. Despite standing on opposite sides of theconflict, the actors utilize similar narratives, adapting language to fit their agendas. Emphasizing defense and sovereignty, regional and security and stability, they accuse their opponents of responsibility for the continuation of...
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Is vertebrate local biodiversity influenced by beaver activity?
Komár, Ondřej ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Uhlíková, Jitka (referee)
Beavers (Castor spp.) are ecological engineers and keystone species thanks to their ability to significantly modify the landscape to suit their ecological needs. Beaver, however, do not only create suitable habitats for themselfs, but as well for the whole spectrum of other vertebrate species and thus they increase local species richness. Currently there are only two extant species of beaver, European beaver (Castor fiber) and North American beaver (Castor canadensis), but they do not differ in their ability to modify the local landscape under the same ecological conditions. The construction of a beaver dam on the water stream and the subsequent flooding of the landscape results in the creation of a beaver pond, which is suitable habitat for amphibians, freshwater turtles, water birds and shorebirds. Beavers also create suitable habitats for other semi-aquatic mammals such as muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra). The efect of beaver activity on the local richness of fish species is complex and depends on the water stream characteristics, such as the stream gradient. Beaver dams can also limit the movement of migratory fish to some extent, but the dams do not represents an absolute migration barrier. Beaver do not just affect vertebrate communities inhabiting aquatic...
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The study of the impact of the mutual interaction of selected antibacterial drugs in vitro on activity against enterococci
Netíková, Nina ; Konečná, Klára (advisor) ; Janďourek, Ondřej (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Pharmacy Author: Nina Netíková Supervisor: RNDr. Klára Konečná, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: The study of the impact of the mutual interaction of selected antibacterial drugs in vitro on activity against enterococci Background: The point of the experimental part of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of the mutual interaction of two selected, clinically approved antibiotics in combination on two selected bacterial strains of genus Enterococcus. The effect of the combination was evaluated using the FIC index. Based on the calculation of the FIC index, the mutual interaction was further classified as synergistic, additive, indifferent or antagonistic. Methods: To evaluate the interaction of antibacterial drugs in combination, four antibiotics were selected and employed to a pair-wise combinations. The main antibiotic was daptomycin, which was combined with tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin. The effect of pair-wise combinations was monitored against the clinical isolate Enterococcus faecium and against the collection bacterial strain Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). Determination of MIC values was performed using the microdilution broth technique according to the EUCAST...
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Mechanisms of muscle non-shivering thermogenesis
Vávrová, Anna ; Bardová, Kristina (advisor) ; Galatík, František (referee)
The capacity to regulate body temperature is of great importance for the survival and evolution of organisms. Endotherms possess highly efficient mechanisms for generating heat, including muscle shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), which occurs predominantly in brown adipose tissue and muscle. The process of muscle NST is a complex one, involving multiple mechanisms. However, it seems likely that the effect of sarcolipin on SERCA protein plays a key role. This occurs when ATP cleavage occurs without Ca2+ pumping into the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum, accompanied by heat generation. Other key proteins of the muscle NST include ryanodine receptors, which regulate calcium concentrations, and phospholamban, which regulates SERCA activity. Mitochondrial activity also plays a crucial role in this process. The ability of muscle NST depends on the ontogenetic stage of the organism and the external conditions to which it is exposed. In addition to thermal homeostasis, these mechanisms also have a major impact on the regulation of whole-body metabolism and may serve as protection against diet-induced obesity. As with other thermogenic mechanisms, muscle NST is an energy-intensive process. Consequently, an understanding of its processes and the ability to regulate them could provide a new avenue in...
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The Theory of "Loss of Chance" in the Field of Medical Law
Petr, Ondřej ; Salač, Josef (advisor) ; Šolc, Martin (referee)
The Theory of "Loss of Chance" in the Field of Medical Law Abstract This master's thesis explores an alternative approach to establishing civil liability in medical-legal relationships. Due to the disparities described in the thesis, the positions of the parties in medical-legal disputes are not equal. Therefore, the theory of "loss of chance" was developed to address this issue by introducing a new approach to proving causal connection in court. The point of the theory is to transfer the procedural deficiencies of the aforementioned disputes into the substantive realm by creating a new legally protected asset, namely, the "chance." The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part addresses the issues of medical-legal relationships and the resulting legal disputes. It explains the fundamental principles underlying the theory of "loss of chance" and highlights the differences between the conventional approach to proving causal nexus and the theory itself. The second part is devoted to the historical and foreign development of the theory. With the help of key decisions of foreign case law, the concept of theory in these foreign jurisdictions is explained, which then influences the decision-making of Czech courts in cases related to theory. The last part of the thesis deals primarily with the main...
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The effect of opioids on the immune system
Miniariková, Nina ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Cimermanová, Veronika (referee)
The use of opioids in medicine is necessary as they serve to suppress pain as a part of anesthesia notably during surgical procedures. After that, they help suppress pain during postoperative care and they are also prescribed to patients with chronic pain, for example in the final stages of cancer. However, opioids are among the most abused substances worldwide. The United States of America is facing an opioid epidemic, also called the opioid crisis, which began mainly with the excessive prescription of opioids and their subsequent misuse. It is clear that opioids affect the immune system which has been the subject of many recent studies. Different opioids have variable effects on the immune system. The understanding of their impact on the immune system could mean improvement of health care, and at the same time could present a basis for proposals of new treatment methods for some of the diseases. This bachelor thesis summarizes the available studies dealing with the influence and effects of various opioids on the cells of the immune system in order to better understand their importance and their use in practice. Keywords: opioids, immune system, inhibition, immunomodulation, phagocytes, lymphocytes
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The effect of oxidative stress on the structure and function of sperm cell cytoplasmic membrane during the fertilization process.
Tojnerová, Kateřina ; Krylov, Vladimír (advisor) ; Šanovec, Ondřej (referee)
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants, and thus a consequent excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It can also be caused by insufficient antioxidant protection, which normally reduces ROS levels and protects the cell from damage. Oxidative stress causes changes in the structure and function of the sperm cytoplasmic membrane during the fertilization process. Here it has a positive effect on physiological functions, where low levels of ROS are necessary for normal sperm development such as sperm capacitation or sperm hyperactivation. However, at higher levels ROS exerts a pathophysiological effect, reducing membrane fluidity due to membrane lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, loss of motility and subsequent inability of the sperm to fertilize can also occur. Keywords: oxidative stress, cytoplasmic membrane, sperm cell, fertilization
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The effect of specific dietary intervention on inflammatory activation of innate immunity in patients with stabilized celiac disease
Selková, Katarína ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Černá, Marie (referee)
Introduction: Celiac disease is a complex autoimmune disease induced in genetically predisposed individuals after ingestion of cereals containing gluten. Monocytes, as the main effector cells of innate immunity, play a non-negligible role in the development of the immune response in response to pathogenic and foreign agents as well as in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. The only effective treatment for celiac disease is strict and lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet, while dietary choices are of key importance in the regulation of this disease. Oats have emerged as a controversial but nutritionally rich option to supplement a gluten-free diet with a source rich in fiber, micro- and macronutrients. Therefore, in this thesis, we focused on how the innate immune system, specifically monocytes, interact with the avenin peptides of a selected gluten-free oat cultivar and whether an immune reaction detectable at the molecular level occurs in response to its consumption. Materials and methods: 39 patients with stabilized celiac disease were included in the study, who consumed 50 g of raw oatmeal of the selected cultivar daily for 14 days. CD14+ monocytes were isolated from whole blood before the start of the study and after its completion using immunomagnetic separation, in which TLR2, TLR4, TNFα,...
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