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Modelling the runoff from snowpack in the forest and in open areas
Podzimek, Slávek ; Jeníček, Michal (advisor) ; Langhammer, Jakub (referee)
Modelling the runoff from snowpack in the forest and in open areas Abstract Spring floods are closely related to the issue of snow. It is very important to study the process of snow accumulation and snowmelt in mountainous areas, where the monitoring of the snow water equivalent throughout the winter season is carried out. Snow water equivalent indicates the amount of water bounded in the snow, and therefore it represents a potential danger during snow-melt. The thesis is dealing with snowmelt processes and particularly with the impact of vegetation on the runoff process during snowmelt. The lumped rainfall-runoff model HEC- HMS was used for the modelling. Modelling of snowmelt runoff was carried out by means of degree-day method. The model was applied on the Zlatý Brook catchment in the Ore Mountains. The degree-day method is very sophisticated method and takes into account the snowmelt dynamics during precipitation and snowmelt in the period without any precipitation. The method takes into account the effect of heat emitted by the Earth's surface. The method tries to capture the overall energy balance of snowpack by means of air temperature. The model simulated the evolution of snow water equivalent and discharge in the winter 2009/2010. Simulated discharges were compared with observed ones. After model...
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Origins of vertebrate hematiopoiesis
Svoboda, Ondřej ; Bartůněk, Petr (advisor) ; Divoký, Vladimír (referee) ; Živný, Jan (referee)
(ENGLISH) Hematopoiesis is dependent on the actions of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This process is tightly controlled through a complex array of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Even though the hematopoiesis seems to be well conserved across the disparate vertebrate animals, erythroid and thrombocytic differentiation have changed during the evolution of mammals. Specifically, adult mammalian red blood cells have the unique feature of being enucleated, and mammalian thrombocytes are not individual cells, but fragments of megakaryocytes, instead. It is likely that these enhancements provided a survival advantage to early mammalian species; however, they also bring up the question of evolutionary origin of these cells that studied using zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. First, it was necessary to generate a toolbox of a recombinant cytokines and optimized culture media that allowed us to manipulate zebrafish hematopoietic cells ex vivo in liquid and clonal cultures. Interestingly, teleost species underwent an extra duplication event during their evolution and as a result, two copies (paralogs) of some of the genes are present in zebrafish. This was also the case for majority of the cytokines from our toolbox and here, we provide functional characterization of these paralogs. Strikingly, our results...
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Wavelet Transform in Image Processing
Dostál, Martin ; Klíma, Ondřej (referee) ; Bařina, David (advisor)
The wavelet transform has been used for several decades and it is still an object of research - especially its recent modifications which are using the so-called second generation wavelets. It has several advantages over other integral transformations. The most important of them are the ability to localize both in time and frequency and an ability to decorrelate some real non-stationary signals such as images. For this reasons, the wavelet transform became an often used tool in many image processing tasks, for example in image compression, edge detection or contrast enhancement. In this thesis, the wavelet transform is explained, including the theoretical foundation and implementation for use with two-dimensional discrete signals. Some of the applications of the wavelet transform are presented and described. The wavelet transform showed to be suitable tool for edge detection, noise reduction, contrast enhancement and HDR compression.
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Long memory processes
Prelcová, Zuzana ; Cipra, Tomáš (referee) ; Prášková, Zuzana (advisor)
Cílem této práce je zasvětit čtenáře do problematiky procesů a s dlouhou pamětí. V úvodu je čtenář nejprve seznámen s tím, proč již procesy s krátkou pamětí, např. ARMA procesy, nepostačovali statistikům na modelování časových řad. V první kapitole je ukázán vývoj, který vedl k definici procesů a dlouhou pamětí. Rovněž jsou zde zmíněné stochastické procesy, které se používají na modelování dlouhodobé závislosti. Následně se čtenář obeznámí se základními metodami pro odhad parametru dlouhé paměti, s testy dobré zhody a spůsobmi predikce budoucích pozorování. Hlavním cílem této práce je porovnat metody na odhad parametru dlouhé paměti, které vznikly za posledných 15 let, na reálnych datech a ukázat jejich výhody či patřičné nedostatky.
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Reflections on the Global Order after the End of the Cold War: the Perspective of Francis Fukuyama and Samuel P. Huntington
Jurásek, Miroslav ; Veselý, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Lehmannová, Zuzana (referee) ; Vlček, Dalibor (referee) ; Gombár, Eduard (referee)
The times coming with the End of the Cold War were very turbulent. Politicians had to take into the consideration lots of scenarios and the next global trends to make correct decisions. Most of the very numerous visions of the future global order followed more or less the twofold pattern: order or anarchy. "The End of History and the Last Man" and "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order" written by two prominent American political scientists Francis Fukuyama and Samuel P. Huntington and published at the beginning of the 90s are the most representative works that fit into this pattern. These provocative and controversial theories have been criticized and empirically challenged by many on one side, on the other side it hasn't impeded others to use them as a starting point for their next analyses. This dissertation thesis is a contribution to the debate between the dissenters and the supporters of these theories from a predictive point of view. Through the research theoretical methodology it is argued that the examined theories are still valid even nowadays because their theoretical essence (or hard core in the Lakatosian research program) has not been refuted yet. Nevertheless, the hard core of the theories determines their very specific character which puts forward the importance of the factors labelled in the Lakatosian framework as an external history of a science. These factors organized according to the Mehtas criteria of so called strong idea are, especially in the social sciences, decisive for how a theoretical construct is accepted in a broader non-academic context. It is demonstrated that both theories fulfill all criteria to be very influential in practice, although the idea of clash of civilizations is even more powerful in this respect. The specific features of all theories are illustrated on two case studies: Union of South American Nations and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Firstly, the selection of these case studies is justified and secondly, the anomalies in terms of the Lakatosian methodology are identified and then explained. There have been found no unexplainable anomalies, which practically confirms the validity of both research programs on one side, on the other side it facilitates a better assessment of the studied theories in a sense of their interpretative scope and possibilities.
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An Application of Quantile Functions in Probability Model Constructions of Wage Distributions
Pavelka, Roman ; Kahounová, Jana (advisor) ; Vrabec, Michal (referee) ; Pacáková, Viera (referee)
Over the course of years from 1995 to 2008 was acquired by Average Earnings Information System under the professional gestation of the Czech Republic Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs wage and personal data by individual employees. Thanks to the fact that in this statistical survey are collected wage and personal data by concrete employed persons it is possible to obtain a wage distribution, so it how this wages spread out among individual employees. Values that wages can be assumed in whole wage interval are not deterministical but they result from interactions of many random influences. The wage is necessary due to this randomness considered as random quantity with its probability density function. This spreading of wages in all labor market segments is described a wage distribution. Even though a representation of a high-income employee category is evidently small, one's incomes markedly affect statistically itemized average wage level and particularly the whole wage file variability. So wage employee collections are distinguished by the averaged wage that exceeds wages of a major employee mass and the high variability due to great wage heterogeneity. A general approach to distribution of earning modeling under current heterogeneity conditions don't permit to fit by some chosen distribution function or probably density function. This leads to the idea to apply some quantile approach with statistical modeling, i.e. to model an earning distribution with some appropriate inverse distributional function. The probability modeling by generalized or compound forms of quantile functions enables better to characterize a wage distribution, which distinguishes by high asymmetry and wage heterogeneity. The application of inverse distributional function as a probability model of a wage distribution can be expressed in forms of distributional mixture of partial employee's groups. All of the component distributions of this mixture model correspond to an employee's group with greater homogeneity of earnings. The partial employee's subfiles differ in parameters of their component density and in shares of this density in the total wage distribution of the wage file.
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Approaches to Functional Data Clustering
Pešout, Pavel ; Marek, Luboš (advisor) ; Trešl, Jiří (referee) ; Palát, Milan (referee)
Classification is a very common task in information processing and important problem in many sectors of science and industry. In the case of data measured as a function of a dependent variable such as time, the most used algorithms may not pattern each of the individual shapes properly, because they are interested only in the choiced measurements. For the reason, the presented paper focuses on the specific techniques that directly address the curve clustering problem and classifying new individuals. The main goal of this work is to develop alternative methodologies through the extension to various statistical approaches, consolidate already established algorithms, expose their modified forms fitted to demands of clustering issue and compare some efficient curve clustering methods thanks to reported extensive simulated data experiments. Last but not least is made, for the sake of executed experiments, comprehensive confrontation of effectual utility. Proposed clustering algorithms are based on two principles. Firstly, it is presumed that the set of trajectories may be probabilistic modelled as sequences of points generated from a finite mixture model consisting of regression components and hence the density-based clustering methods using the Maximum Likehood Estimation are investigated to recognize the most homogenous partitioning. Attention is paid to both the Maximum Likehood Approach, which assumes the cluster memberships to be some of the model parameters, and the probabilistic model with the iterative Expectation-Maximization algorithm, that assumes them to be random variables. To deal with the hidden data problem both Gaussian and less conventional gamma mixtures are comprehended with arranging for use in two dimensions. To cope with data with high variability within each subpopulation it is introduced two-level random effects regression mixture with the ability to let an individual vary from the template for its group. Secondly, it is taken advantage of well known K-Means algorithm applied to the estimated regression coefficients, though. The task of the optimal data fitting is devoted, because K-Means is not invariant to linear transformations. In order to overcome this problem it is suggested integrating clustering issue with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo approaches. What is more, this paper is concerned in functional discriminant analysis including linear and quadratic scores and their modified probabilistic forms by using random mixtures. Alike in K-Means it is shown how to apply Fisher's method of canonical scores to the regression coefficients. Experiments of simulated datasets are made that demonstrate the performance of all mentioned methods and enable to choose those with the most result and time efficiency. Considerable boon is the facture of new advisable application advances. Implementation is processed in Mathematica 4.0. Finally, the possibilities offered by the development of curve clustering algorithms in vast research areas of modern science are examined, like neurology, genome studies, speech and image recognition systems, and future investigation with incorporation with ubiquitous computing is not forbidden. Utility in economy is illustrated with executed application in claims analysis of some life insurance products. The goals of the thesis have been achieved.
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Analysis of normative instruments of regulation within ecological policy on the example of EU Directive on industrial emissions.
Turková, Andrea ; Geuss, Erik (advisor) ; Branžovský, Antonín (referee)
Within the frame of the ecological policy, there exists a number of instruments for a protection of environment and to solve problems related to it. Single types of instruments are established on diferent principles which leads to long-lasting arguments of economists on fitness or unfitness for purpose. At the application of administrative instruments of regulation, as it is described by neoclassical economy theory, a question arises, if this strict solution is effective and practical in light of meeting targets of the environmental policy. Arguments which hold the view that the EU Directive on industrial emissions in the metallurgy sector implementation, as an above mentioned administrative instrument, is effective and practical can be displaced in case of comparison with well set alternative instrument - marketable emission licences.
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Specifics in education of 50 + generation in the region around ČB
ŽIGOVÁ, Simona
Within our society the education of the fifty plus generation seems to be still in its infancy. The significance and the subsequent implementation of the most appropriate forms and methods of lifelong education pose a very important factor affecting the quality of life of the individual not only for the fifty plus generation. Lifelong learning and education of adults are considered to be a top priority of the European Union. The structures of the European Union are expected to assist our country in the design and implementation of modern systems and co-ordinated approaches to the said spheres of learning and education of adults. Every individual citizen, irrespective of age, should get the chance to learn and develop both as a personality and as a member of society. Learning and education should become the main channels of forming and building the personal development of an individual. The Third Age University concept undoubtedly belongs to lifelong learning programmes. This form of education for the fifty plus generation was introduced in our country already in 1986 as a part of the programmes offered by the Palacký University in Olomouc. Many further universities followed this example and the popularity of this type of education in the public has been steadily growing since. On the other side, today´s fifty plus generation presents an age group with very high numbers of the long-term unemployed. Unqualified people, people with impairments, personally and socially handicapped persons have been affected the most. The majority of the people mentioned above have had only one job in their lifetime. Due to their lack of broader job experience and related defensive behaviour they tend to blame the society and not their own lack of competence. Within this social group of the fifty plus generation learning is considered to be more a burden than a need. Employers expect their employees to provide top performance. Due to their decreasing physical fitness and age related health problems, this generation is not able to meet the demands required by the labour market. Employers prefer looks and image, they tend not to appreciate life experience, loyalty and trustworthiness, values today´ s fifty plus generation can offer. One of the priorities of the government is to support professional qualification and re-qualification programmes for the older generation. The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs has been offering re-qualification and professional training courses specially designed for people over fifty. In the Czech Republic there are a number of companies operating in the field of the education of adults, and they are not focussed only on the fifty plus generation.
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Efektivní difuzivity a transportní charakteristiky monolitických automobilových konvertorů s nanesenou vrstvou katalyzátoru
Starý, T. ; Šolcová, Olga ; Schneider, Petr ; Marek, M. ; Schejbal, M.
The effective diffusivity in the pores of catalytic monolith was studied in single pellet-string columns by chromatographic technique. The column was packed with small monolith particles. Dispersion due to extra column effects was eliminated via convolution of responses for two column lenghts. The measurements were done for both cordierite support with alumina based washcoat. The effective diffusion coefficients for two tracer-carrier pairs were evaluated by fitting column response (chromatographic) peaks in time domain. Mean transport parameters were evaluated for both types of porous particles. Obtained mean transport pore radii are in reasonable agreement with pore size distribution from mercury porosimetry.
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