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Histology of the lungs with a focus on bronchogenic carcinoma
KAPOUNOVÁ, Pavla
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to explain the anatomic and microscopic lung structure as well as basic features of selected pulmonary disorders, especially of bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis deals with types, causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis is comprised of two parts. The theoretical part introduces lung development, anatomic and microscopic structure of the lower respiratory tract, lung structure and function, vascular supply, and lymphatic drainage. The most frequent nonneoplastic and neoplastic pulmonary diseases are described here. The practical part of the thesis is focused on tissue processing. This complex process starts with the removal of a tissue specimen from a patient's body (biopsy) and it is finished when microscopic slide is handed to a physician (pathologist). All steps are important; there is an imperative to prevent any specimen damage as it could hamper the diagnosis. All tissue specimens must be stored in a fixative and delivered to a histopathologic laboratory, together with a clinical request for a pathological examination. Following steps are carried out in the histopathology laboratory: macroscopic examination and cut-up, processing in a tissue automate, embedding, cutting, and staining. The basic staining method is performed by hematoxylin-eosin. Finally, slides are covered and given to a pathologist who establishes a diagnosis on a particular slide, or asks for additional examinations. These may be additional histochemical stains or auxiliary studies such as immunohistochemistry or genetics. All these methods may contribute to a final diagnosis of the biopsy. The chapter Frequency of diagnoses summarises lung biopsies examined at our department (Šikl Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Plzen, the Czech Republic) in 2015. In the discussion, the frequency of bronchogenic carcinoma types is evaluated with a regard to the sex and age. Several graphs are added. Research: CD133 as a prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancers.
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DNA čipy a jejich využití pro molekulární diagnostiku a predikci u onkologických onemocnění
VORÁČKOVÁ, Lucie
Many visible factors produced during carcinogenesis refer to oncological disease, e.g. modified gene's expression or increased number of miRNA. These factors can be diagnosed by analyzing of gene's expression. For this diagnostics, there are used many methods, of whom DNA microarray analysis is the most significant progress in genetic research. A large number of DNA sequences can be detected DNA with microarrays on a single microarray in a relatively short time. This analysis means a positive turnover for the diagnosis and prediction of disease.
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Zhodnocení ekosystémových a zdravotních rizik persistentních environmentálních polutantů HM‚ POPs ve vztahu k závazkům ČR v rámci koncepce CLRTAP a navazujících protokolů včetně cílů definovaných pracovní skupinou pro efekty (WG-UN ECE)
Český hydrometeorologický ústav, Praha ; Výzkumný ústav vodohospodářský T.G. Masaryka, Praha ; EGÚ Praha Engineering, a.s., Praha ; Český ekologický ústav, Praha ; TOCOEN, s.r.o., Brno ; Ekotoxa Opava, s.r.o., Opava ; Fottová, Daniela ; Kulveit, Jaroslav ; Ansorgová, Alena ; Kosubová, Petra ; Dušek, Ladislav ; Skořepová, Irena ; Pačes, Tomáš ; Fara, Milan ; Sáňka, Milan ; Rieder, Marek ; Kohoutek, Jiří ; Komprda, Jiří ; Holoubková, Irena ; Čupr, Pavel ; Holoubek, Ivan ; Zapletal, Miloš
Závěrečná zpráva za rok 2001 je členěna do 13 hlavních kapitol. Literární rešerše přístupů k hodnocení ekosystémových rizik plynoucích z přítomnosti HMs a POPs v prostředí. Literární rešerše a příprava podkladů pro odhady zdravotních rizik. Literární rešerše modelů distribuce POPs v prostředí. Inventarizace a sumarizace datových zdrojů o koncentracích POPs pro jednotlivé složky ekosystému. Stanovení cílových kritických limitů pro vybrané složky ekosystému a lidskou populaci. Emisní datové zdroje a jejich využití pro hodnocení ekologických a zdravotních rizik. Specifikace datových zdrojů jako vstupů do matematických modelů výpočtu kritických zátěží. Výpočet kritických zátěží těžkých kovů - statický přístup - příklad modelového povodí. Kritické zátěže těžkých kovů - semidynamický model. Využití údajů Národního onkologického registru a údajů UOC MU pro posouzení vztahů mezi výskytem zhoubných nádorů a kontaminací prostředí HMs a POPs. Odběry vzorků na modelových lokalitách pro zajištění základních dat pro modelování, jejich analýzy, vyhodnocování základních dat z experimentálních stanovišť na modelových lokalitách. Doplňkové sledování dosud málo sledovaných polutantů v hlavních složkách ekosystému: stanovení toxafenu, event. chlordanu. Atmosférická depozice těžkých kovů.
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The effects of mastektomie on social life of women with breast cancer
VIKTOROVÁ, Vendula
Breast carcinoma is at present one of the most frequent diseases of women which affects all areas of woman ´s life and becomes all-society problem. It is an oncology disease which brings a woman and her close relatives a huge psychical and physical stress. One of the possibilities to cure the breast cancer is the chirurgical removal of the whole breast (mastectomy), which is a huge change not only in woman ´s social life. The thesis gives information on breast carcinoma, risk factors for the onset of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnostics and the treatment of breast carcinoma. Further, it describes the possibilities of reconstruction therapy, rehabilitation and psycho- social effects of cancer. The objective of the thesis was to find out if and how mastectomy influences the social life of women. For the data elaboration the method of quantitative research by means of questioning was used. The questionnaires were addressed to women with breast carcinoma after mastectomy. The research group was created by the clients of General Faculty Hospital in Prague. The questionnaires were anonymous and voluntary, in the form of 25 closed and semi-open questions. Hypothesis H1: negative influence of mastectomy depends on the partner ´s attitude and the family support, was proved. Hypothesis H2: mastectomy negatively influences single women and women without children, was also proved. Hypothesis H3: women after mastectomy are of worsened occupational use, was disproved. The research has shown that the question of solving social issue in women after mastectomy is more and more up- to-date. Average age of respondents is 51 - 60 years. In the question concerning the change of life in women after mastectomy were most frequently mentioned the problems with the change in dressing, sport activities and psychical problems. The awareness of women on rehabilitation, reconstruction operations, possibilities of using epithesis and also on the civic partnerships focused on breast diseases should improve.
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Radiotherapy of small cell lung cancer
KORDÍKOVÁ, Jitka
Of all lung cancers, small cell lung cancer ( SCLS ) occurs with frequency of 25 - 30%. Patient with small cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy with or without chest irradiation. Without treatment, small cell carcinoma of the lung has the most aggressive clinical course of any type of pulmonary tumor, with median survival from diagnosis of only 2 to 4 months. Small cell carcinoma has a greater tendency to be widely disseminated by the time of diagnosis but is much more responsive to chemotherapy and irradiation. The aim of this work was to assess irradiation of the chest for small cell lung cancer among patients treatment in years 1990 {--}1995 and patients treatment in years 2000-2005 in the hospital České Budějovice a.s. I´m processed the data about average age, sex, disease range, treatment type, irradiation mode, medical answer and median of survival. Small cell lung cancer is most frequent disease in the men, but also this disease increases in the women. The age rang is 37 {--} 79 years. The average age is 60,7 years. The stage third and fourth is most frequent disease rang. The irradiation techniques are mostly used - 11x3Gy, 20x2Gy, 25x1,8Gy. The median of survival was 8 months. The patients treated only with irradiation was the median of survival 4 months. The patients treated with combination irradiation and chemotherapy was median of survival 10 months. It is advisable to use chemotherapy. Radiotherapy plays an extremely important role in palliation of symptoms of the primary tumor and of metastatic disease, particularly brain and bone metastazes.
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Toxic effects of Radiotherapy for Female Patients over 60 Years of Age with Gynecological Tumors
POLODNOVÁ, Šárka
Cervical cancer and cancer within the body of the uterus are the most frequent cancers of the female reproductive organs, the incidence of which is on the rise. Every year, more than 1,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the Czech Republic, as well as 1,500 cases of endometrial cancer. Surgical treatment and external radiotherapy are used during therapy and, in some cases, it is combined with brachytherapy and chemotherapy. I focused on the early toxicity of radiotherapy, which can be a limiting factor for the completion of treatment, especially in older patients. The investigated sample consists of 100 female patients who were divided into 4 groups, according to age and the primary diagnosis of these patients. Each group consists of 25 women. Patients in the first group are represented in a group of those under 60 years of age with cervical cancer; the average age is 48 years. The second group consists of patients with the same diagnosis, but who are over 60 years of age; the average age is 66 years. The third group consists of patients who are under 60 years of age who have uterine cancer; the average age is 54 years. The 4th group consists of patients who are over 60 years of age with uterine cancer; the average age is 71 years. All patients were irradiated at the Oncological Clinic of České Budějovice Hospital. In my thesis, I compared the toxicity of radiotherapy in the group of younger patients with the group of the older patients. Hematological toxicity was more frequently identified in older patients, be it the malignant cervical cancer (76%) or the endometrial cancer (52%). In younger patients, hematological complications occurred less frequently (cervix {--} 52%, body of uterus {--} 24%). Serious grade 4 toxicity was identified in one patient over 60 years of age with separate pelvis radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Grade 3 toxicity was identified in one patient from the younger group and in one patient from the older group with combined treatment for cervical cancer. In regard to non-hematological complications, toxicity was more severe in older patients too. The incidence of diarrhea in the over 60-year-olds was 64% as opposed to 48% in the younger group. The stated hypothesis of higher toxicity of treatment for older patients was confirmed during my research.
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Awareness of patients about diagnostics and therapy of malignant gynecologic tumours
PLOJHAROVÁ, Anna
Three goals were set for the work. The first one was to find out whether women see their gynecologists once a year for the recommended preventive examination. The second goal was to asses the level of awareness among women regarding diagnostics and therapy of malignant gynecological tumours. The third goal of the work was to find out whether women are sufficiently informed about possible prevention and protection against cancer development. In connection with these goals three hypotheses were set to validate them. The first hypothesis supposed that women do not undergo yearly preventive examinations. It has not been validated by the research. The second hypothesis, that women are sufficiently informed about gynecological diseases, has proved to be correct. The third hypothesis, that women are sufficiently informed about prevention against cancer development, has also turned out to be correct.
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Health education in relation to prevention cancer breast.
VÍTKOVÁ, Adéla
Health Education in relation to Breast Cancer Prevention was not a topic chosen coincidentally. The fact that I encountered this illness in my own family contributed to my decision. I read over and collect a lot of information. There is an inexhaustible amount of publications, references, associations, commercial and medial projects, though the breast cancer diagnosis is on the top position of mortality causes not only in the Czech Republic but worldwide. In the course of collecting all data I found out that there exists the only prevention - early diagnostics and screening, on which I focused in the second part of my thesis. Health Education is the ideal instrument for preventive education programme and its further promotion. That is why I hope that comprehensive elaboration of this topic will be used as a methodological source.
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Use of methods nuclear medicine in endocrinology
PEŠTÁLOVÁ, Petra
The contemporary situation of the nuclear medicine is desrcibed and its head using in heamadenology is hit in my diploma thesis. The most important points of anatomy and physiology concerning endocrines are revised in brief in the begining of my thesis. The next part is devoted to the possibilities of nuclear medicine in thyroid gland diagnosis. In the following part the possibilities of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla investigation are presented. The entire part of nuclear medicine and its using in heamadenology is the open emmiters therapy. Therefore the last part of my thesis is dedicated to thyroid gland tumour therapy per radioactive iodine.Thyroid gland carcinoma can recur after many years. Therefore all the patients having this diagnosis are observed for life. Some nuclear medicine methods also serve for it.
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Složení cystické tekutiny prsu jako možný ukazatel míry rizika vzniku karcinomu. : Abstrakt
Šimíčková, M. ; Pecen, Ladislav ; Eben, Kryštof ; Nekulová, M. ; Černoch, M. ; Lang, B. ; Rejthar, A. ; Sakalová, J. ; Vojtová, I. ; Kudličková, Z.
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