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Comparison of nutritional values of different edible insect species
Maňhal, Daniel ; Kouřimská, Lenka (advisor) ; Kulma, Martin (referee)
The worlds limited agricultural resources will soon no longer be able to continue to support its ever growing population. One way to alleviate this problem is to integrate insects into the human diet, which is an increasingly common practice in Asia, Africa and South America. This practice has proven to be beneficial in a number of ways. Insects have better feed-conversion efficiency, transforming organic matter into larger amount of edible body mass than traditional livestock. Comparing to the livestock, insects have much smaller ecological impact on the environment. On the other hand, allergic reactions to toxins produced by some insects represent a potential risk of entomophagy. Nutritional values of insects depend on many factors, such as type of insect, its developmental stage, sex, and consumed feed. Generally, insects are a rich source of nutrients comparable to or even higher than traditional sources of meat.
Nutritional values of farm raised field crickets (Gryllus assimilis), originating from the Czech Republic, were analyzed in the experimental section of this thesis. Specifically, contents of dry matter, crude protein, fat and fatty acid profile were the main focus. The dry matter content was determined using an infrared technique. The crude protein content was measured using the Kjeldahl method. The Soxhlet method was applied for fat extraction. Extracted fat was determined gravimetric. Using gas chromatography, a lipid profile was obtained. Measured values were compared to those found in the literature. Emphasis was put on the comparison with other types of potentially edible insects and on the nutritional values of wild and farmed insects. Finally, these nutritional values were compared to the corresponding nutritional values of conventional meat to illustrate the benefits of entomophagy.
The analyzes showed that insect originating from the Czech Republic had very similar qualitative composition to species from different geographical regions and its nutritional value is fully competitive with conventional meat.
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Modern art in landscape
Jarešová, Sylvie ; Vacek, Oldřich (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Modern art in landscape
Summary
The subject of the thesis is landscaping with the use of modern arts. In the first part it focuses on correct interpretation of key words such as landscape, art and culture. Those areas are then analysed from the point of view of historical context .
Mutual interaction of two seemingly different subjects such as landscape and modern art is analysed and closely inspected. It is necessary to take into account all approaches to landscaping to be able to implement modern element into the landscape. In the first part the thesis analysis the evaluation of landscape character and landscape As a whole; how landscape influences people an what are its values.
Preservation of the landscape and it's attributes depend On defying It's nature protection. Part of the thesis focuses on those subjects as well, legislative as well as natural protection of nature. What could today's landscape offer is disscused in the part of the thesis concerning values of the landscape, how the landscape is perceived and what is the esthetic value of landscape.
Landscaping in today's modern era encompass entwining historically significant At the same time necessary and for the future unavoidable element so its functional and esthetic values Are preserved for future generations. The model example solves such entwining of historical landscape and proposed motorway. There is a thread of fragmentation of the landscape and its use not only for local inhabitants and eco systems. At the same time modern art is applied as a means of unification. The art is becoming a tool which is capable to recharge landscape. Art reconnects the fragmented landscape and brings other values for future generations.
The case study suggests Last art trends applied to the landscape. During the disscusion it brings a summary of expressive funds and techniquies. Here the thesis also conveys a thought of current tendency of modern art. The output of the thesis is besides the model project a methodical procedure. A proposal of methodical instalation of an element of modern art into landscape.
Keywords: modern, art, landscape, concept, esthetics, perception.
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Ice cream with additional value
Melicharová, Barbora ; Potůčková, Miroslava (advisor) ; Lidmila, Lidmila (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarise current knowledge about production and properties of ice cream with an additional value. Nowadays, incorporation of probiotics is considered as the most intensively studied possibility for functional ice cream manufacture. Their viability depends on the kind of a microorganism, for example bifidobacteria are mostly less stable than lactobacilli in ice cream matrix. Lactobacillus acidophilus AB518, AK414, Lactobacillus agilis AA1773, AC1888 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AB2010 were chosen as suitable strains for ice cream production because of their stability during manufacture and storage processes and also digestion.
Viability of probiotic cultures in ice cream matrix can be negatively influenced by lethal damage of living cells during manufacture processes and storage. Critical points are freezing of ice cream mixture and temperature fluctuation during storage. The basic ingredients (milk fat, proteins, lactose, sweeteners, hydrocolloids, air bubbles, fruit ingredients) naturally protect starters against these impacts. Survival of probiotics can be also supported by prebiotics inuline and oligofructose (> 9 %) addition, by microorganisms incorporation into chocolate chips (> 23 %) or by starter microencapsulation into calcium alginate (> 30 %).
Probiotic microorganisms addition influences also sensory profile of the final product. To minimize their effect is recommended to incorporate them before the freezing step. Good sensory profile had for example ice cream containing Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Probiotic ice-creams could have poorer aroma, yoghurt taste or unpleasant probiotic taste, but on the other hand pleasant fresh sauer taste, higher viscosity, homogenity, smoothness and resistance to melting. Their sensory quality can be also positively influenced by adding milk fat, hydrocolloids (guar gum, xanthan) and sauer fruit ingredients (strawberries) or by overrun (60 90 vol. %).
Moreover, probiotic ice cream is possible to use as a carrier of other health beneficial ingedients, for example essential substances (fatty acids, minerals, vitamins particularly calcium and vitamin D), fibre and antioxidants. It was observed that probiotic ice cream containing Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus had anticariogenic effect.
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Determination of water potential of selected plants grown in water deficit
Procházková, Denisa ; Hniličková, Helena (advisor) ; Martinková, Jaroslava (referee)
Bachelors thesis is processed on the topic Determination of water potential of selected plants grown in water deficit.
Tomatoes and peppers are thermophilic plants which are very prone to lack of moisture. Especially pepper which has smaller root system handles draught much worse. Both of these plants belong to the Solanaceae family.
This family is very important from the aspect of utility. It is because its fruits which can be consumed but they also need enough moisture for its growth. That is the reason why draught is on of the most stressful factors. The First objective of the experiment was to watch the process of the stressful reaction. The second objective was the evaluation of selected species.
The experiment took place in summer 2015 and it focused on young plants of tomatoes and peppers. These plants were exposed to controlled water stress in greenhouse which belongs to the Department of botany and plants physiology (University ČZU in Prague). During the experiment the plants have natural light cinditions a they were grown in containers with garden substrate. The experimental plants were devidet to two subgroups: first group was the controlled and the second was stressed. The first group was regulary watered but the second group has gradual cancellations of watering. Duration of the experiment was 14 days and it was ended after 7th collection when the plants were absolutely dehydrated. Water potential was measured by Dew point meter and mass huminidy was measured with machine called HH2 moisture meter.
The value of water potential with stressed group went down during the experiment. Initial values of Solanum lycopersicum were - 1,09 MPa and they were decreasing down to
- 4,07 MPa. Decreasing tendency was registered with the Capsicum annuum too which values were between - 1,02 MPa - 4,15 MPa. Values measured with stressed plants were lower than values measured with controlled group.
Mass huminidy with stressed plants was changing too. Reduction of soil huminindy was registered during measurement with both stressed species. Measured values were between 0,38 g.g-1 - 0 g.g-1 with Solanum lycopersicum and measured values with Capsicum annuum were between 0,55 g.g-1 - 0,01 g.g-1. When the value measured in stressed plants were lower than those in the control variant. Both species had simillar reaction with the water stress and they were not that different.
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Low- and nonenergy sweeteners
Trnková, Lenka ; Orsák, Matyáš (advisor) ; Hniličková, Helena (referee)
Low- and no-calorie sugar subtistutes are compounds that provide food with its sweet taste. As the term suggests, they have lower or no food energy and usually are characterized by higher sweetness than sucrose. For that reason, these substances are especially used during the treatment of diabetes mellitus, to reduce the energy content of food or in prevention of dental caries.
Natural sweeteners were discovered a long time ago, during the search for sustenance. For example Stevia was used by South American Natives even before the European conquest of the territory. However, the history of artificial sweeteners is not too significant, because it relates to breaking the laboratory rules. That is how saccharin was invented in 1878.
Sugar substitutes are added to food on purpose, adjusting the taste or extending the shelf life of foods. In the EU, every approved sweetener has got an E-code, which is displayed on the label.
Sugar substitutes can be grouped according to their origin, their nutrition value or their chemical structure. This thesis discusses low- and no-calorie sugar substitutes that can be synthetic or natural. Mentioned synthetic sweeteners typically contain less then 21 kJ per portion. These intensive food additives possess many times the sweetness of sucrose. The main representatives of this group are saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame K, sucralose and aspartame with its derivatives. The group of natural sugar substitutes constits of substances like erythritol, D-tagatose, trehalose, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, stevioside and thaumatin.
There are some limitations confirmed by expert studies. For example, patients suffering from diabetes mellitus should mainly use synthetic sweeteners, because of their low nutritional value.
Even though in some states certain sweeteners are forbidden, safety studies say that there are no adverse effects, if the recommended daily intake is respected. Sugar substitutes, therefore, can be considered safe.
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Influence of water deficit on physiological characteristics of selected species of green leafy vegetables
Kraus, Kamil ; Hnilička, František (advisor) ; Dana, Dana (referee)
The harmful influences on plants are called stress factors. The stress itself does not slow down only vital functions of plants but influences directly the size and quality of final product as well.
Worldwide, we count the so called abiotic stresses as the most significant crop production stressors. These include in recent years extremely high temperatures and unequal rainfall distribution both areal and during vegetation period.
The water deficit (drought) belongs to the most important stress factors in agriculture. It influences crop production all over the world. Also vegetables are responsive to water deficit, especially the species with huge amount of water in their tissue. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to assess the impact of water stress on gas exchange and photosynthetic activity of mangold "Beta vulgaris", salad rocket "Eruca sativa" and lettuce "Lactuca sativa", which were placed at water deficit.
The plants - mangold, salad rocket and lettuce - were grown in a partly controlled greenhouse conditions under the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology FAPPZ ČZU in Prague. The plants were grown at a temperature of 25°C in daytime and 18°C at night under natural light conditions. They were grown in containers of size of 11x11 cm in a mixture of garden substrate A and silica sand in the ration 2:1. The experimental scheme included two variants - control and stressed. The control group of plants was watered, and the second half of plants was left under stress for 22 days, when the water deficit was induced by gradual drying for one month, the experiment took place from 1.6 2015 to 22.6 2015. The speed of gas exchange by plants was measured by apparatus LCpro+. From the values of photosynthesis and transpiration water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence were calculated.
The gained results proved difference at reaction to water stress between observed kinds of leaf vegetables.
The speed of photosynthesis and transpiration of observed plant species was measured, which decreased due to impact of water deficit. The average speed of photosynthesis of stressed plants was the lowest by lettuce (11,16 "mikro"mol CO2.m-2.s-1), contrarily the highest by mangold (13,2"mikro"mol CO2.m-2.s-1). In case of control plants was the lowest speed of photosynthesis noticed by lettuce (12,03"mikro"mol CO2.m-2.s-1) and the highest by mangold (14,00"mikro"mol CO2.m-2.s-1). In comparison with control group, the speed of photosynthesis of lettuce decreased significantly by impact of water deficit (difference make 7,23 %). On the other hand the lowest decrease of photosynthesis from stressed plants 5,93% was noticed for mangold.
In case of speed of transpiration, it is possible to note, that the lowest transpiration of control group shows mangold with the average speed of transpiration 1,82 mmol H2O.m-2.s-1, by contrast the highest transpiration was measured by lettuce 3,20 mmol H2O. m-2.s-1. In the case of stressed plants moved the average speed of transpiration between 1,54 mmol H2O.m-2.s-1 for lettuce and 1,79 (mmol H2O.m-2.s-1) for mangold. Also, between control and stressed plants of the same species were found differences, and salad rocket reacted to stress of drought more sensitively and mangold less sensitively. For these two plant species was noted decrease of transpiration in the amount of 23,80% and 1,76%.
From the measured value of photosynthesis and transpiration was calculated water use efficiency (WUE). The calculated values show that stressed plants have higher value of WUE in comparison to control plants. The lowest water efficiency from control plants produced salad rocket
(6.51 x 10-3), while the highest mangold (10.31 x 10-3). In the case of stressed plants was the lowest value of WUE noted for salad rocket (8.96 x 10-3), while for mangold was the highest (10.71 x 10-3).
Chlorophyll fluorescence of the experimental plants was also measured. This characteristic was not influenced by plant species, because in case of control plants, there were no differences found between observed plant species. The lowest difference in value of fluorescence had plants of lettuce (0,69) while the highest mangold and salad rocket (0,7). In conclusion it is possible to note, that more sensitive to water deficit are plants of lettuce. As more tolerant to water deficit seems mangold and salad rocket.
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Inventory of woody plants in an area of 'Červený vrch' in Prague 6 and elaboration of the digital map of this selected area
Táborská, Anna ; Kunt, Miroslav (advisor) ; Prokeš, Radek (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the current condition of flora located on the housing estate Červený Vrch in the municipal district Prague 6. The inventoried area is situated in the north-eastern part of the housing estate between the streets of Evropská st. and Horoměřická st. In this territory the woody plants have been inventoried according to Machovec (1982). The individual components of the local dendroflora have been indentified and localised in a work map or, eventually, by GPS coordinates. Based on the beforementioned localization a digital map of woody plants was created using the AutoCAD software. Furthermore the values of age and height of the local woody plants were measured and the landscaping value was determined. All the beforementioned values were imported to the inventory tables, which were created using the Microsoft Excel software and are a part of the thesis results.
In the literature search there is a short summary of the history of the garden art. Furthermore there is a chapter devoted to the historical evolution of the urban flora, the urbanism of the 20th century and the creation of housing estates in Prague. The presented thesis also contains chapters devoted to the important persons of the urbanism movement, such as Ebenezer Howard and Le Corbusier, who played a major part in the emergence of flora into the cities. The Ebenezer Howard theory of the garden city is analysed in detail. The next part of the research is dedicated to the landscape creation, its values and division. The final part is devoted to the urban greenery and its division and importance.
The sole area of Vokovice in Prague, where the Červený Vrch housing estate is located, is described in detail in the Chapter named the materials and methods. In particular, the nature characterization of landscape, the history of Vokovice housing estate and the construction of a prefab housing estate from around the time of 60s and 70s are analysed. The used methods of invetorying according to Machovec (1982) and subsequently the process of invetorying are described.
The second half of this thesis consists of the inventory tables and the visual and verbal evaluation of the beforementioned tables. From the results it is evident that the largest portion of 60% of woody plants is represented by deciduous shrubs, and hence there are plenty of their growths. This is mainly caused by the large number of seeding trees present. Thereafter the most frequently present tree species and their measured characteristics are evaluated. Finally, there is a comparison of the methods of inventorying according to Machovec and the classification of woody vegetation elements by Miloš Pejchal.
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Timber iventory in part area of Petřiny and digital map of its area.
Vepřeková, Olga ; Kunt, Miroslav (advisor) ; Vaněk, Jindřich (referee)
The prior goal of this bachelor thesis was to map a part of Petřiny district. To fill the inventory files Machovec method was used. The trees were selected as follows: broadleaved trees, evergreebns, shrubs and perennials. And individuals were attached with codes. These codes were used in order to have clear view in the AutoCAD maps. The trees were measured to get the log diameter, the width of the treetop, the height and further to get the age of the tree and ornamental value. As for shrubs the log diameter and the age were not considered. Perennials were just coded. After adding all parameters as from inventory files the codes were entered into the AutoCAD maps. During collecting of data photodocumantation was made and then uploaded on mapserver.
The text part includes the literature review where the issues of the public greenery and public spaces are described, the greenery is presented and considered its values for the enviroment, mankind and animals.
Next chapter describes the area of district Petřiny. Nature characteristics, history, Machovec method, detailed description of the measurements are dealt with.
In the results the inventory templates are inserted and the current situation is described using graphs.
In the chapter discusssion the situation is valued subjectively using esthetic and composition views. Further on the problem of public spaces and greenery is considered.
There are 976 trees and shrubs ( 572 broadleaved trees, 294 shrubs, 119 evergreens and 36 are perennials).
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The incidence of postpartum diseases - ketosis, acidosis, depending on which condition and structure of the of rations in transition
Bubnová, Zuzana ; Hučko, Boris (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
This thesis formed on the observation of the influence of body condition score (BCS) before calving on the prevalence of ketosis after calving and the structure of mixed ration on prevalence of rumen acidosis in production herd.
This thesis was made on the farm AGROBOS Ltd. in Slatina where 165 cows are raised. 25 cows and 10 heifers were assessed in dry period and whole herd of dairy cows in the production hall was monitored for performance (PM).
Body condition score of cows and heifers was assessed in the period before calving on a five point scale with resolution of 0.25 points. Blood samples were taken from them from the base of the tail after calving. The concentration of betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) was monitored in blood at first to fourth days after calving using FreeStyle Optimum NEO. The structure of mixed ration in the production hall was evaluated using Penn State separator. The fat protein ratio from the PM system MOOML was observed and evaluated for incidence of chronic rumen acidosis.
The measured values of BHB, the structure of the diet and the fat - protein ratio values were compared with the recommended values. As a criterium for a healthy state, the BHB concentration of 1.4 mmol / l was selected. The rumen acidosis limit for the fat protein ratio was set at 1.1. A lower fat protein ration was designated as ruminal acidosis. The suggested ration amounts for cows have been adjusted based on a grain mixture which was separately administered to dairy farms by the milking robot.
Ketosis was detected in 83 % of cows on the second or higher lactation of which 9.5 % had higher condition before calving, so 3.75 point or higher. All evaluated heifers suffered ketosis after calving and 70 % had elevated condition before calving.
The structure of the mixed ration had the highest deviations in proportions of large particles on upper sieve of separator. Up to 50 % of the particles for a mesh size of 19 mm were found.
The average fat protein ratio was 1.12 in the whole herd. Cows, which was measured for BHB and subsequently monitored in performance during first lactation, had in the first period the average proportion of fat - protein ratio of 1.09, suggesting that the heifers on average suffered from ruminal acidosis in early lactation. Cows at second and higher lactation had in the first month of performance the average ratio of fat and protein of 1.17.
Measured values: BCS and BHB; F/P and structure of mixed ration were statistically evaluated using correlation. But we have not confirmed of dependence on one production illness.
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Inventory of woody plants in a part of the CULS area, elaboration of the digitized map and a draft of reconstruction of its selected part
Talácko, Ondřej ; Kunt, Miroslav (advisor) ; Fedurcová, Alena (referee)
A topic of this Bachelor thesis is reinventory of woody plants of University of Life Sciences grounds that is located in Prague Czech Republic. The Universitys literary part is based on reputable authors and the practical part is based on an inventory. This inventory is done by Machovec and his point of view on woods.
Maps from past students who made theses of this topic at the same place were used to target the species. For a smooth cooperation in this Bachelor thesis maps of changing buildings plan were applied. The main task was to reinventory all the species so it was necessary to check the woods and their location. The location was in the same state as the previous woods. Based on the research of this location the inventory of woods by Machovec had to be used. This method contained an evaluation of girth width crown and age landscaping values however in this Bachelor thesis the girth and age of bushes werent evaluated. The genus species and the cultivar had to be assessed if possible and the evaluated parameters for single trees were averaged.
The data of all the single trees were listed into inventory tables and set with unique codes for future recognition in the program. The whole practical part of the thesis was drawn in a program called AutoCAD version 2014. Once the inventory was done there was photographic documentation of the groups of trees which is available online on mapserver. The pictures are used for comparing a visual difference of the area in different seasons.
Drastic changes have occurred in certain parts of the area of my research. Probably the biggest change was in the building of new Courseware pavilions and its surrounding. The big change at Courseware pavilions was the reason why this research was necessary. Also it was very important to study all changes that were done in past four years that were connected with every single wood in other areas.
By the values given by the invenory tables was showed that there is 4079 trees in the area. Hardwoods are represented by 3319 woods and conifers are represented by 760 specimen. The most common in case of hardwoods is the Acer and from conifers its Pinus. By this enviroment the CULS areal makes great place for spending time in nature. The woody value is here on the third level and this means that there is prosperous viridity.
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