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Fast Dynamic Processes in Solution Studied by NMR
Šoltésová, Mária ; Lang, Jan (advisor) ; Mäler, Lena (referee) ; Batta, Gyula (referee)
Title: Fast Dynamic Processes in Solution Studied by NMR Spectroscopy Author: Mária Šoltésová Department: Department of low temperature physics, Charles University in Prague, and Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jan Lang, Ph.D., Department of low temperature physics, Charles University in Prague, and Prof. Jozef Kowalewski, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Abstract: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is capable to deliver a detailed information about the dynamics on molecular level in a wide range of time scales, especially if accompanied by suitably chosen theoretical tools. In this work, we employed a set of high-resolution NMR techniques to investigate dynamics processes in several weakly interacting molecular systems in solution. Van der Waals interactions play an important role in inclusion complexes of crypto- phane-C with chloroform or dichloromethane. The complex formation was thoroughly investigated by means of 1H and 13C NMR experiments along with the quantum- chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We characterized kinetics, thermodynamics, as well as fine details of structural rearrangements of the complex formation. Internal dynamics of oligo- and...
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Use and effectiveness of activation methods in chemistry education
Pražienka, Miroslav ; Šulcová, Renata (advisor) ; Teplá, Milada (referee)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE - Faculty of Science Department of Teaching and Didactics of Chemistry Albertov 3, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic Use and effectiveness of activation methods in chemistry education Bc. Miroslav Pražienka mprazienka@seznam.cz Executed pedagogical survey reflects the requirements of modern pedagogy and didactics - the teacher should have a new approach to teaching, both from a technical standpoint, both in the methods. At present, preparation of future teachers, but also in lifelong adult education teachers, computers are preferred, modern electronics (and everything associated with them) and such methods, where the pupil is actively involved in teaching and not just a passive "recipient". For the purposes of my thesis was, therefore, a wide range of teaching aids (PowerPoint presentations, worksheets, educational teaching games, demonstration experiments, tests, including methodologies and manuals), through which pupils were taught. Before and after instruction was given them knowledge and skills test, which was then evaluated. They were also sampled pupils from other primary schools and the results were compared. At the beginning of the survey were established two hypotheses (knowledge and skills gradually decreases with increasing time from the subject and taught for a...
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The role of trehalose in mycorrhizal associations
Šoch, Jan ; Ponert, Jan (advisor) ; Hála, Michal (referee)
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a widely spread phenomenon in nature. A translocation of nutrients occurs between symbionts with disaccharide trehalose playing a key role in the process. However, this saccharide fulfils many important roles in metabolism of fungi and plants. Fungi use trehalose mainly as storage and transport saccharide. On the other hand, trehalose occurs in extremely low amounts in plants where it acts as a signal molecule. Thus it is likely that the saccharide could be used by the fungus to manipulate plant metabolism on a physical interface between symbionts. Trehalose has a similar function in many parasitic interactions. In most cases of mycorrhizal associations trehalose synthesis creates a carbon sink in mycelium which leads to saccharide transfer from the host plant to the fungus. Completely different situation occurs in the types of mycorrhizal symbiosis, where saccharides are translocated from a fungus to a plant. Some plants can utilize trehalose effectively as a sole source of energy. Consequently, the question raises - could such plants gain fungal trehalose on purpose as a source of energy and carbon? This review aims to assess and discuss the mentioned possibilities considering available literature. Key words: mycorrhiza, orchids, parazitism, saccharides, sink, symbiosis,...
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Educational Project Saccharides Topic Work in Chemistry for high school
Šedivá, Renata ; Šulcová, Renata (advisor) ; Součková, Danuše (referee)
Charles University in Prague - Faculty of Science Department of Teaching and Didactics of Chemistry Albertov 3, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic Educational project Saccharides Topic Work in Chemistry for high School Bc. Renata Šedivá sedivarenata@gmail.com This diploma thesis is a suggestion of educational project Saccharides classifiable into education of Chemistry in 3rd year of four-year grammar school. In the first part there is a research of literature sources concerning the issue project education. The Following part is a suggestion of educational project Saccharides, its product are lessons about the topic saccharides, which are designed, prepared and taught by the students. The suggestion of the project contains a timetable of the project, instructions and methodology for individual parts of the project (motivation, preparation of lessons, laboratory works, presentation of lessons, final practice, test and reflection), methodological notes and documentation to the implementation of the project at Grammar school in Dvůr Králové nad Labem.
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Structure of Monosaccharides in Chemical Education
Josífková, Hana ; Teplá, Milada (advisor) ; Šulcová, Renata (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of monosaccharides structure and it is focused on the processing in the form of educational materials for secondary school. It is devided into two parts. The theoretical part is devoted to the analysis of curricular documents - Framework Educational Programmes and School Educational Programmes, then the analysis of secondary school textbooks and other educational materials. There is also the analysis of videos and animations. The practical part presents educational materials in the form of PowerPoint presentation and flash animations. There are also didactic notes which serve as a manual for lessons of chemistry on secondary school.
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Fast Dynamic Processes in Solution Studied by NMR
Šoltésová, Mária
Title: Fast Dynamic Processes in Solution Studied by NMR Spectroscopy Author: Mária Šoltésová Department: Department of low temperature physics, Charles University in Prague, and Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jan Lang, Ph.D., Department of low temperature physics, Charles University in Prague, and Prof. Jozef Kowalewski, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Abstract: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is capable to deliver a detailed information about the dynamics on molecular level in a wide range of time scales, especially if accompanied by suitably chosen theoretical tools. In this work, we employed a set of high-resolution NMR techniques to investigate dynamics processes in several weakly interacting molecular systems in solution. Van der Waals interactions play an important role in inclusion complexes of crypto- phane-C with chloroform or dichloromethane. The complex formation was thoroughly investigated by means of 1H and 13C NMR experiments along with the quantum- chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We characterized kinetics, thermodynamics, as well as fine details of structural rearrangements of the complex formation. Internal dynamics of oligo- and...
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Basic chemical properties of fruits of selected cherry varieties
Chmil, Vojtěch ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
Diploma thesis is focused on chemical characteristics of nine selected sweet cherry varieties in nine parameters. Total and soluble solids were analyzed with these results 13.07–16.58 % for total and 14.67–19.50 °Brix for soluble solids, ash content 0,31–0,39 %, titratable acidity 5.44–9.91 g of malic acid per 1 kg of fresh cherries and formol number 14.45–23.73 ml of 0.1 M NaOH per 100 g of cherries. Then there were analyzed crude proteins content calculated from total nitrogen content determined by Kjeldahl method with results 0.41–0.68 % of crude proteins. Molecular absorption UV/VIS spectrophotometry was used for determination of total phenolic substances 0.30–0.89 g of gallic acid per 1 kg of cherries and total content of anthocyanins 128–848 mg of cyanidine-3-glucoside in 1 kg of cherries. Saccharides were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ELSD detector. Content of glucose was 45.45–59.49 g/kg and fructose 46.88–60.01 g/kg. All results are compiled using tables and graphs and discussed. Experimental part of the thesis also describes principles and procedures of every analysis, so it can be reproduced. In theoretical part there is described botanical characteristic of cherry tree (Prunus avium L.), active substances contained in its fruits and their use in food industry. At the end of the theoretical part there is described instrumentation of high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Structure of Monosaccharides in Chemical Education
Josífková, Hana ; Teplá, Milada (advisor) ; Šulcová, Renata (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of monosaccharides structure and it is focused on the processing in the form of educational materials for secondary school. It is devided into two parts. The theoretical part is devoted to the analysis of curricular documents - Framework Educational Programmes and School Educational Programmes, then the analysis of secondary school textbooks and other educational materials. There is also the analysis of videos and animations. The practical part presents educational materials in the form of PowerPoint presentation and flash animations. There are also didactic notes which serve as a manual for lessons of chemistry on secondary school.
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Plant sugar metabolism and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Konečný, Jan ; Jansa, Jan (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
The study of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) - the mutualist relationship between the most of land plants and evolutionary old fungal group Glomeromycota - is becoming a prestigious topic. The prevalence of and extent of physiological action of AMS on plants is very interesting for the plant biology itself, but its importance grows, notably in time of global climate change, frequent soil degradation and ascending exhaustion of mineral fertilizer reserves. Although the flows in AMS of some minerals, like of phosphorus was enlightened, carbon exchange between the symbionts is still poorly understood. In this experimental work, I utilized the boom of molecular and bioinformatic methods in the quest for completely unexplained carbon flows. The organisms used include barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), the model legume for symbiotic relationships, biotic, and abiotic stresses; Rhizophagus irregularis, the widely used fungus for such experimental studies of AMS; and Sinorhizobium meliloti, the nodulating nitrogen-fixing bacterium compatible with the barrel medic. Two variants - mycorrhizal (M+) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants were subjected to several levels of analysis. I have checked the variants, did the measurements of phosphorus and nitrogen contents, as well as I probed the plants with...
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Determination of enzyme activity of cellobiase using capillary electrophoresis
Velvarská, Romana ; Křížek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kubíčková, Anna (referee)
This thesis deals with optimization of capillary electrophoresis conditions for the separation of unreacted substrate and products (cellobiose, glucose) generated by the enzymatic cleavage of cellotriose with enzyme cellobiase. The optimal separation electrolyte was shown to be a solution containing 30 mmol·dm-3 sodium hydroxide with addition of 1.0 mmol·dm-3 sodium phosphate and 1.0 mmol·dm-3 sodium phosphate dibasic (pH = 12.38). With this separation electrolyte calibration curves and repeatability were measured and the limits of detection and quantification were determined. The relative standard deviations of peak areas ranged up to 6.1 % and they did not exceed 0.2 % for the migration time. Limits of detection were determined in the range from 0.020 to 0.026 mmol·dm-3 and limits of quantification from 0.066 mmol·dm-3 to 0.085 mmol·dm-3 . Subsequently the enzyme reaction was monitored in offline setup. Furthermore, the offline procedure was automated and the relative standard deviation of cellodextrines after 30 minutes of hydrolysis was ranging up to 13.0 % of glucose and cellotriose and 3.0 % cellobiose using this automated method, which makes it suitable for semiquantitative and comparative measurements. The last part of the experiment was to carry out enzymatic reaction in online setup....
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