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Vliv odstupňovaných dávek živin a počtu sečí na druhovou skladbu a primární produkci polopřirozeného travního porostu
Kinc, Jaroslav
This diploma thesis deals with influence of fertilizing and usage intensity on species composition and primary production of semi-natural grassland. The issue was solved through an experiment at Kameničky stand, which is located at Bohemian-Moravian Highlands at an altitude of 650 m. In the experiment were evaluated variants of fertilizing: non-fertilized, fertilized P30+K60, fertilized N90+P30+K60 and fertilized N180+P30+K60 with a double-cutting and triple-cutting usage intensities in 2014 and 2015. The results showed, that nitrogen fertilizing promoted the development of grasses (P<0,05) and reduced the proportion of clovers and herbs (P<0,05) in the stand. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizing in the stand increased proportion of clovers at the expense of herbs. Beside 2015, conclusive higher proportion of clovers was in the stand in 2014 (P<0,05). Double-cutting intensity of usage promoted numbers of grasses and decreased numbers of clovers in the stand. Triple-cutting intensity of usage increased proportion of clovers in the stands, which were richer on species. Triple-cutting stands had higher Hill's diversity index, which was decreased with higher fertilizing intensity, same as number of species in the stand. Fertilizing conclusively increased yields of dry fodder (P<0,05). Double-cutting stands indicated higher yields of dry fodder (6,46 t.ha-1) than triple-cutting stands (5,96 t.ha-1). Beside 2015 (5,68 t.ha-1), higher yields of dry fodder (6,74 t.ha-1)were in 2014 (P<0,05).
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Vliv pastvy ovcí na travní porosty v Chráněné krajinné oblasti Beskydy
Vančurová, Jana
The aim of this thesis was to assess and evaluate the species composition of grazing stands in two localities. The aim was also to find out what species in the Beskydy protected landscape area (PLA) dominated, how the species composition of the stand changed with altitude, pedological and climatic conditions. As the quality of grassland, diversity indices changed, there were demonstrable differences between sites and affected grass grazing during the year. Phytosociological imagery using projective dominance was used to compare the species composition of the stand and the Zurich-Montpellier system was used to casify plant communities. For the evaluation of the species composition of the foot stands, the calculation of the mean nitrogen number, mean water number, grassland quality, McNaughton's dominance index, Hill's diversity index, Shannon diversity index, Pielou's equivalence index, qualitative similarity index and statistical evaluation were used. The locality Za Kopcem was dominated by Festuca rubra L. and Festuca pratensis Huds., Dactylis glomerata L. and Trifolium repens L. in the locality Hutisko. The species composition was influenced by environmental conditions, which was also proved by the quality of grassland. The locality Za Kopcem balanced the low to medium diversity index, the Hutisko locality reached a medium diversity index. There were statistically significant differences between sites. Extensive grazing has caused an increase in herbs and the optimal pasture load has increased the incidence of lower grasses.
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Vliv pratotechniky na druhovou diverzitu a kvalitu polopřirozeného travního porostu
Vaňorková, Veronika
Grasslands represent a significant part (22 %) of the agricultural land fund in the Czech Republic. Grasslands are primarily responsible for production and non-production functions. They have wide ranges of enlargement and are therefore considered to be one of the richest sources of diversity. Variety of non-productive functions, such as anti-erosion or aesthetic function, are associated with species diversity. For the maintenance of grassland, it is essentials to breed, which consists mainly in mowing and fertilizing. The aim of this diploma thesis was to assess the influence of fertilization intensity (non-fertilized, PK, N90+PK and N180+PK) and different intensity of utilization (two- and free-leaf vegetation) on the species diversity and quality of semi-natural grass on the experimental area of Kameničky in years 2016 and 2017. The percentage of agrobotanic groups was influenced mainly by the intensity of fertilization. The ratio of grasses increased with higher fertilizer intensity, but the impact of fertilization on herbs was opposite. PK fertilization appeared to be positive for the representation of clover. A higher number of cuts appeared to be positive for clover and other herbs. The number of species was highest (P < 0,05) in the non-fertilized variant and PK variant. This also coincides with the diversity index, which showed the highest (P < 0,05) values also on these variants. Three-way use appeared to be positive for higher values of diversity indices. Equivalence reached the highest values on the N90+PK variants where more balanced stands were. The production of forage dry matter and the quality of grassland increased along with the intensity of fertilization. Higher intensity of use was seen as a positive impal on average forage solids production.
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Druhová diverzita ptáků (Aves) zemědělské krajiny v okolí Boskovic
Marková, Veronika
The bachelor thesis has a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part summarizes the knowledges about birds, their morphology, ways of life and importance. The separate chapters are dedicated to their protection and occurrence in agricultural landscapes. The practical part contains the results of own observation and their evaluation. The bird species and their abundance have been identified in the three defined areas for four months, from April to July. Further basic synecological calculations and evaluation of the given area were carried out. In the agricultural landscape surrounding Boskovice 56 bird species were observed and because these species were seen at the time of breeding, it is possible to assume that they were nesting in this area as well.
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Polní plevele obilnin a dalších plodin pěstovaných ve vybraném zemědělském podniku
Hroch, Josef
The bachelor thesis deals with the characterization of the agricultural enterprise AGROSPOL Bolehost, a. s., its system of growing cereals and other crops and their weed infestation. The infestation was observed in the following crops: winter rape, winter triticale, winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, maize and white cabbage. The most numerous weeds found in the crops are Capsella bursa-pastoris, Equisetum arvense, Fallopia convolvulus, Galinsoga parviflora, Geranium pusillum, Chenopodium album, Medicago sativa, Mentha arvensis, Stellaria media, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Urtica urens, Veronica persica, Veronica polita.
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Druhová diverzita plevelů vybraných polních plodin
Bohuslav, Jakub
This bachelor thesis is focused on different weed species evaluation in selected crops. The monitoring took place was at KOJÁL Krásensko, družstvo. The holding is situated in South Moravian Region, Vyškov District near village Krásensko. It manages estate of total area approximately 1821 hectars. The evaluation of quantity weed species was pursue in four crops: winter wheat, spring barley, oilseed rape and maize. For the research was used fytosociological releve method and computative method. The results for each crop are three average value of weeds in 1m2. The total amount were 25 weed species. The most occurring weed species were: field pansy (Viola arvensis), shepherd´s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), couch grass (Elytrigia repens) and buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus).
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Rozdíly v druhové diverzitě a abundanci pavouků na hlavách révy vinné na terasovaných a klasických vinicích v závislosti na typu hospodaření
Havlová, Lucie
Spiders belong to one of the most important natural pest antagonists in many agroecosystems. The species diversity and abundance of spiders, hence their biocontrol potential, is directly related and is often increased by the presence of non-agricultural, non-productive areas in the landscape directly surrounded with agroecosystems. My research was focused on spiders related to the vine plats trunks, first of all as organisms reflecting the function of vineyard terraces in relation to increasing their heterogeneity, which in turn reflects on the resulting biodiversity of the landscape, and secondly as pest antagonists in vineyards, which can effectively and nature-friendly contribute to the sustainability of agricultural units. Research areas in the South Moravian Region were selected and species diversity and spider abundance were analyzed. Two vineyards at each site have been selected: classic - plain vineyards and terraced vineyards which were lined with non-productive slopes. From November 2013 to October 2014, 727 adult spiders belonging to 21 species and 7 families were recorded. Concerning the vulnerability of each species, 12 abundant species were found, 4 species were almost threatened, 3 were endangered species, 1 species was strongly endangered, and 1 species was critically endangered. According to the results, we can state that the species spectrum of spiders found on vine plant trunks may in the future function as a biocontrolling agent and may have an interesting influence on vine pests.
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Bird diversity and life-history patterns along gradients of productivity and its variation
Tószögyová, Anna ; Storch, David (advisor) ; Remeš, Vladimír (referee) ; Field, Richard (referee)
Geographical variability in species richness and life-history strategies shows remarkable and well-documented patterns generated by various processes that have not yet been fully revealed. However, the pronounced correlation between spatial patterns in species and trait diversity and spatial gradients in environmental conditions indicates that the environment may modulate these processes. The mechanisms related to environmental productivity (energy availability), as a strong predictor of biodiversity, have been hypothesized to explain the cause of these broad- scale biodiversity patterns. Still, there is no consensus in the explanation, as many of the environmental and biotic factors are strongly interrelated. We have derived testable predictions that allowed disentangling the mechanisms responsible for spatial distributions of life-histories and species richness. The patterns in spatial distribution of many avian traits across the striking productivity gradient in South Africa show a slow-fast continuum in life-history strategies. High environmental productivity in tropics may result in stable populations that favour slow life-history strategies; birds can utilize stable food resources - low food seasonality selects for small clutch sizes, long parental care and high juvenile survival. The...
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Vegetation changes of wet meadows in Slavkovský les
Šimák, Martin ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Hédl, Radim (referee)
This thesis focuses on the changes of vegetation of the wet meadows in Slavkovský Les during past decade. It uses data on vegetation gained from 100 permanent plots. By the analysis of the species composition and diversity it aims to elucidate the changes of the wet meadows over the last ten years. It aims to define, which are declining and which are becoming more common. Applied management should have a great impact on the observed vegetation changes so its effect is studied in the thesis as well. The knowledge of the suitable management should lead to conservation of the local biodiversity. The abiotic environmental factors are important as well as they can influence the species composition. These factors were studied by the application of Ellenberg indicator values on the species present in the study. These changes were compared in time and in a combination of time with a management type. Thus, we should be able to say how the environment has changed in the past decade and whether the type of management has any effect on the changes. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether changes in species composition over time may be explained by species traits. The results indicate that the species diversity and composition have indeed changed during the past decade. Apparently, the higher amount of...
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Macrophytes of fishponds in agricultural landscape of selected part of Novohradské hory foothills
SOUKUP, Tomáš
Cílem terénní diplomové práce bylo určování a posouzení diverzity vodních a mokřadních druhů rostlin (makrofyt) v 46 sledovaných vodních nádržích v povodí řeky Vltavy a Malše. Vlastní botanický průzkum probíhal v podhůří Novohradských hor a zaobíral se druhovou identifikací vyšších rostlin ve vymezeném území vodních nádrží, pro které byla současně stanovena i listová pokryvnost dle Braun-Blanquetovy stupnice modifikace Westhoff & van der Makrel. Sběr druhových dat a definování listové plochy probíhalo vždy jen na úrovni vodního ekosystému s členěním na jednotlivé polygony (litorály) s charakteristickými stanovištními společenstvy. Získaná data se následně vizualizovala v mapách a tabulkách druhového zastoupení s přidělenou pokryvností. Z environmentálních ukazatelů se hodnotil obsah dodatkových živin v nádrži, velikost rybí obsádky, chov kachen, charakter a mocnost sedimentů, vodní stav, převažující zemědělské využití půdy v blízkém okolí, rozloha vodní plochy a hlavní spádové povodí dané oblasti. Zmíněné ukazatele (podmínky) se zaznamenávaly pro každou vodní nádrž a staly se podkladem pro další statistické hodnocení mokřadního ekosystému. Diplomová práce se skládá ze dvou částí - rešeršního zpracování problematiky rybničního hospodaření s dopady na doprovodnou vodní vegetaci a statistického vyhodnocení identifikovaných údajů. Ze sumarizovaných statistických dat vzešla skutečnost zvýšené diverzity druhů v povodí řeky Vltavy u částečně letněných rybochovných nádrží. Mapování a sběr botanických vzorků proběhl ve vegetační sezóně 2015, v období od konce měsíce května do začátku měsíce srpna.
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