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Detail analysis on antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance genes and horizontal gene transfer traits in anaerobic bacteria
Vancová, Kateřina ; Schwarzerová, Jana (referee) ; Čejková, Darina (advisor)
This thesis deals with a detail analysis on antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance genes and horizontal gene transfer traits in anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a growing threat to public health globally. In these bacteria, AMR genes are often associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which promote their mobility, enabling them to rapidly spread throughout a bacterial community. The work describes the horizontal gene transfer, the issue of antimicrobial resistance and the database for the detection of AMR genes and MGEs. After that, the detection and analysis of AMR genes and MGEs in anaerobic bacteria was done. Almost half of them contained at least 1 gene coding for antibiotic or heavy-metal resistance, 112 different genes overall. Then, 66 different MGEs were detected, 4 of which carried 6 different AMR detected genes.
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Detail analysis on antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance genes and horizontal gene transfer traits in anaerobic bacteria
Vancová, Kateřina ; Schwarzerová, Jana (referee) ; Čejková, Darina (advisor)
This thesis deals with a detail analysis on antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance genes and horizontal gene transfer traits in anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a growing threat to public health globally. In these bacteria, AMR genes are often associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which promote their mobility, enabling them to rapidly spread throughout a bacterial community. The work describes the horizontal gene transfer, the issue of antimicrobial resistance and the database for the detection of AMR genes and MGEs. After that, the detection and analysis of AMR genes and MGEs in anaerobic bacteria was done. Almost half of them contained at least 1 gene coding for antibiotic or heavy-metal resistance, 112 different genes overall. Then, 66 different MGEs were detected, 4 of which carried 6 different AMR detected genes.
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Analysis of antibiotic administration in open appendectomies in pediatric patients.
Šugrová, Kristína ; Rejmanová, Anna (advisor) ; Šorf, Aleš (referee)
Analysis of antibiotic administration in open appendectomies in pediatric patients Author: Kristína Šugrová Tutor: PharmDr. Anna Rejmanová, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Petra Rozsívalová Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and aims: Appendicitis represents the most frequent indication to a surgical abdominal intervention in population of paediatric patients. In case of complications, such as abscess, periappendicular infiltrate or perforation with peritonitis, it can even lead to a life- threatening condition. The aim of this study was to analyse antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) in paediatric patients undergoing open appendectomy, as well as antibiotic treatment of complicated appendicitis. Another aim was to compare the administration of antibiotics (ATB) before and after the implementation of recommended hospital procedures (RHP). Subsequently, to monitor the incidence of complications and length of hospital stay and their association with ATB administration and other risk factors. Methods: An unicentric retrospective study was carried out. Patients aged ≤ 18 years who underwent an open appendectomy at the Department of Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology at the University Hospital in Hradec Králové between years 2014 and...
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Analysis of antibiotic administration in laparoscopic appendectomies in pediatric patients.
Opatovská, Tamara ; Rejmanová, Anna (advisor) ; Malá, Kateřina (referee)
Analysis of prescribing antibiotics for laparoscopic appendectomies in a paediatric patient population Author: Tamara Opatovská Supervisor: PharmDr. Anna Rejmanová, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Petr Domecký Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and aims: Appendicitis is one of the most common acute diagnoses in paediatric population. Incorrect diagnosis, poorly performed antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) or treatment can lead to life-threatening complications such as perforation, peritonitis, periappendiceal infiltrate or abscess. The aim of this study was to analyse the administration of antibiotics (ATB) as a part of prophylaxis before appendectomy and as part of the therapy of complicated appendicitis in the paediatric population and to compare the obtained results. Specifically, 2 periods were compared - before and after the introduction of the recommended hospital procedure (RHP; 22. 06. 2017). The partial goal of the study was to identify factors that influenced the occurrence of complications and length of hospitalization in the monitored population. Methods: An unicentric retrospective study took place at the Clinic od paediatric surgery and traumatology at the University hospital Hradec Králové. Data were collected from...
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Analysis of drug utilization of antibiotics for systematic administration in the Czech Republic in 2005-2019
Suchopárová, Lenka ; Malý, Josef (advisor) ; Kolář, Jozef (referee)
Analysis of drug utilization of antibiotics for systematic administration in the Czech Republic in 2005-2019 Author: Lenka Suchopárová Tutor: doc. PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Petr Domecký Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles university Introduction and aims: Antibiotics (ATB) are substances with a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect. Treatment with ATB carries a risk of side effects, drug interactions and risk of resistance occurence. The reason for monitoring the consumption of ATB is not only the apparent coherence between their consumption and the increase of resistance, but also the economic side of bacterial infections treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the consumption of ATB for systematic administration in the Czech Republic (CR) in 2005-2019. Methods: The analysis of the consumption of ATB was performed as a retrospective analysis of data from the database of the State Institute of Drug Control in the period from 1. 1. 2005 to 31. 12. 2019. Anatomical-therapeutic-chemical classification based on defined daily doses (DDD) of individual drugs was used for the analysis. The consumption of ATB was calculated as DDD per thousand inhabitants per day (TID). The data on the number of residents was acquired from the...
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Vyhodnocení používání antibiotik ve vybraných chovech celkem a ve vztahu k jednotlivým druhům a kategoriím zvířat
SVÁČKOVÁ, Marie
The thesis deals with the topic of connections between livestock health and the ne-cessity of using antimicrobial agents in breeding. The aim of the thesis was to obtain basic data and formulate knowledge about the use of antibiotics in selected breeding in total and in relation to individual species and categories of animals. In the theoretical part, basic concepts such as animal welfare, biosecurity in bree-ding are explained. Antimicrobials, disease agents and resistance of pathogens to treatment are defined. I mapped and assessed the use of antibiotics in selected bree-ding in total and in relation to individual categories of animals. In the practical part, the results focused on the use of antibiotics for the treatment of selected categories of animals and evaluation of the frequency of their application in specific breeding. Next, I evaluate the most frequently treated categories of indi-vidual animal species and the reasons for using antimicrobials for treatment. The results show that in selected cattle breeding the most used antibiotics are cepha-losporins and sulphonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines; from other antimicrobial agents antiparasitics. Also, the presence of multiresistant bacteria was detected in selected cattle breeds, specifically in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases.
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Faktory ovlivňující informovanost veřejnosti o antibiotikách
TUNKOVÁ, Barbora
Adequate knowledge of antibiotic use is one of the main prerequisites for preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance, which has become a public health threat in today's world. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of gender, education, and industry (food industry, agriculture, or healthcare) on awareness of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance through a questionnaire survey (n=799) and to compare antibiotic consumption (defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per year, DDD) in 16 European countries for the reporting period. Women were found to be more knowledgeable about the effects of antibiotics than men (p <0,0010). There was a statistically significant effect of education level and relevant discipline on knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance (p <0,0010). The highest average antibiotic consumption (21.97 DDD) was found in southern Europe, while the lowest antibiotic consumption was found in the Nordic countries (15,62 DDD).
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Bactericides in the environment: Occurrence of selected bactericides in wastewater and their impact on the aquatic environment
DUŠÁNKOVÁ, Monika
Bactericides are a group of chemically active substances that exhibit antimicrobial effects. Their ability to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms is widely used in industry and healthcare, but also in household. However, the widespread use of bactericides has resulted in the abundant occurrence of these substances in surface water and wastewater, which subsequently supports the development of antibiotic resistance. Specifically wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) significantly influence the entry of antibiotic resistance genes into the environment. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of bactericides in wastewater and surface water samples, sediments and sewage sludge using high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry. The detected concentrations were used to evaluate removal efficiency and impact on the recipient. The positive removal efficiency was confirmed mainly for the group of quaternary ammonium compounds and some antibiotics. Clarithromycin achieved the highest removal efficiency. Although some monitored substances had a high removal efficiency at the WWTP, their final occurrence proved to affect the aquatic environment. Quaternary ammonium compounds were effectively removed from the wastewater. But mainly thanks to their properties, such as strong sorption to solid substances, i.e., sediments and sludge, they were concentrated in sewage sludge. Using sewage sludge on agricultural land can cause problems by retaining some monitored substances in soils or leaching them into the surface and groundwater. This work briefly described the fate of selected bactericides at the sewage treatment plant and the adjacent recipient. The possible risks of using bactericides and their entry into the environment were pointed out. Given the variety and quantity of bactericides and the severe consequences of their excessive use, this topic deserves wider attention.
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Detection of antimicrobial resistance in sexually transmitted infections
KREJČÍKOVÁ, Pavlína
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) pose a public health risk, especially in terms of the rise of antibiotic resistance. This thesis summarizes the knowledge on these infections, most common causative agents, laboratory diagnosis and current epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and its molecular mechanisms. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility in most STD pathogens is not possible in routine microbiology due to high or specialized culture requirements. Also, because of the higher sensitivity of detection, molecular biology methods are used to diagnose STDs, which negates the need to perform culture in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The experimental part of the project aimed to detect the described resistance mechanisms in positive samples tested by multiplex PCR for the presence of STD agents. In the first part, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS). Unfortunately, the sequences obtained contained a large number of human sequences and thus the extra-human sequences did not provide sufficient coverage. The same result was achieved after a sample pretreatment with saponin and Triton-X followed by purification. Due to the unsuitability of WGS, we attempted to optimize and implement previously described target-specific methods to detect the most common resistance mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The first method was PCR amplification with melting curve analysis (HRM). As a reference method to HRM, we used Sanger sequencing of six genes (penA, mtrR, ponA, porB, 23S rRNA, gyrA). During this work, we optimized the temperature profiles for PCR amplification of individual genes. To cover the analyzed DNA fragment (part of the gene) it was necessary to design additional sequencing primers. The clinical use of HRM for the detection of resistance mechanisms in N. gonorrhoeae needs to be validated on DNA samples with identified resistance mechanisms by specific fragment sequencing, which was optimized in the present work.
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Efekt iontů těžkých kovů na biologické vlastnosti, rezistenci a virulenci
Hegerová, Dagmar
Bacterial infections with complicated process and therefore lengthy, often unsolvable treatment due to emerging resistance to antibiotic drugs are currently increasingly frequent problem of many medical fields. The presented thesis entitled "Effect of heavy metal ions on the biological properties, resistance and virulence" was primarily focused on the study of selected metal ions (Ag +, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on the biochemical properties of bacterial strains, in particular observing their influence on free radical formation, creation of oxidative stress and growth properties. Detection of the influence of metals not only on biochemical parameters, but mainly their significant antimicrobial effect directed our further studies to testing of antimicrobial activity of metals (usually silver) or metal nanoparticles synthesized in complexes with polymer substances (chitosan, hyaluronic acid). The obtained results clearly showed the nanoparticles as the best form, so the effects of proven antimicrobial silver nanoparticles were subsequently compared with metalloid selenium nanoparticles, which even surpassed the previous results of antimicrobial activity. Finally, the effect of long-term action of metal ions on the emerging resistance or so-called multiresistance in the case of cross-resistance of metals and antibiotic drugs was tested.
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