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Inovation in influenza vaccines
Satoriová, Martina ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Motlová, Lucia (referee)
Influenza viruses annually infect 3 to 5 millions of people worldwide, cause annually many hospitalizations, 250 000-500 000 deaths and significant economical losses. The vaccines still remain the most efficient way of prevention of this infectious disease. Conventional egg- based vaccines are used for more than 60 years. Although they are safe, they have many disadvantages. Their main disadvantage is the relatively low effectiveness and time-limited induced immunity. The need for annually updates of their composition due to an antigenic variability of viral surface proteins can be considered a disadvantage as well. What is more, the dependence on an egg suply and a way too long time of preparation might be limiting in the case of pandemic. The development of an universal vaccine that would induce a broad imunne response against different strains of Influenza and longlasting protection is a worldwide priority.
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Flu viruses
Kaufmanová, Lucie ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
This work deals with influenza viruses and the diseases caused by them. Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases that annually affects nearly 10% of the world population during a pandemic, even 40 to 50%. Very often there are misconceptions that the flu is any involvement of the upper respiratory tract infections with accompanying fever and cough. The work is divided into two important segments. The first part deals with general characteristics of viruses, their inclusion in the taxonomic units, and building structural composition of viruses, as well as life cycle and the cycle of viruses in nature. The second part of the thesis summarizes existing knowledge regarding influenza; general definition, history, influenza viruses, including important 20th pandemic century, contains the epidemiological characteristics of influenza. It deals with the importance of vaccination, provides information about various types of vaccines. We can find an explanation of terms such as epidemics and pandemics, including the differences between them. Furthermore, in my work there are the most important organization involved in monitoring influenza surveillance concept itself. The work summarizes the main differences between the flu and other respiratory infections. Specifically, it focuses on different...
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Influence of sigle nucleotide mutations on influenza pathogenicity
Nitkulincová, Lucie ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Král, Jiří (referee)
Influenza virus caused several times the global concerns about the emergence of pandemics, in recent years. The most serious problem, in the fight against this virus, is its ability to quickly change its unusually antigenic specificity by reassortment and point mutations, especially in surface glycoproteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In this thesis I focused on point mutations in the hemagglutinin of influenza virus causing change in binding preference, which enables both influenza virus transmission between different hosts and unlimited proliferation in their tissues. The permanent change in amino acid sequence and thus the surface of hemagglutinin also largely prevents the host's immune system to destroy the virus efficiently and quickly enough to recognize when another infection. Each of the haemagglutinin subtypes has a different amino acid positions affecting its binding preference. Their summary is included in this thesis. Key words: influenza, single nucleotide mutations, pandemia, patoghenicity, hemagglutinin
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Preparedness of the Czech Republic for Pandemic Flu
JURZYKOWSKÁ, Lucie
Influenza illness occures masively in human population for centuries. Influenza is an acute disorder of viral origin. Currently influenza can be found all over the world. The viruses of influenza are circulating continously in all continents not only in the human population, but in animals too. Every year the population is affected by the seasonal epidemic of different magnitude. Influenza illness pose an important medical, social and economical problem. Next to the seasonal outbreaks occuring every year the influenza pandemic can appear after several tens of years. The pandemic of influenza would mean spread all over the world and it is caused by the new variant of the influenza virus. In past the influenza pandemics caused mortality of millions of people all over the world, high economical losses and social collapse of the states in the history. That´s why the particular states prepare their national pandemic plans. The early preparedness for possible influenza pandemic elaborated in the national pandemic plans and the measures following from the plans constitute a tool for reduction of extent, impact and outcomes of pandemic. The quality of preparedness can influence the economical functions of states, medical impacts of illness and final number of the victims. The aim of the dissertation is to compare the proposed measures responding to the influenza pandemic arising from the national pandemic plans of the Czech and Slovak Republic, to ascertain the state of preparedness to the influenza pandemic following from the pandemic plan of the Czech Republic and the situation in awareness of the civil population about the influenza pandemic in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the dissertation is focused on the epidemiological characteristic of the influenza illness. In the sphere of interest the issue of influenza pandemics is explained in terms of their history and the next field of the dissertation is focused on the pandemic plans. The research part of the dissertation is focused on the solution to the given research questions. Two research questions were specified to accomplish the defined aim: What are the differences between the approaches and measures in the pandemic plans of the Czech and Slovak Republic? What is the knowledge and awareness of civil population about the influenza pandemic in the Czech Republic? Regarding the issue the methodology the first research question included analysis of the content of the pandemic plans of the Czech and Slovak Republic and performance of the Checklist method in order to obtain an overview on approach, procedures and standard of preparedness in the territory of both states and possibilities their reciprocal comparison. Under the second research question the awareness and knowledge of the civil population about the pandemic influenza in the Czech Republic was investigated. For acquiring the data of researching study there was used The method of quantitative research was used to acquire the data for the research survey. The form of twenty questions was created. The first part of the questionnaire was focused on the general knowledge about influenza and the second part on the influenza pandemic and related measures. The respondents chose from the answers defined in advance. There wasn´t used the random sampling of the respondents. Fifty respondents from the non-representative sample filled out the form for acquiring the basic knowledge and finding out theoretical information about the influenza pandemic. Subsequently the statistical analysis was made from the obtained data using the methods of descriptive and mathematic statistic. It follows from the analysing results that the knowledge about the influenza illness and influenza pandemic exists among the civil population which means the laic public, but they are the lower extent and do not correspond to the normal frequency distribution.
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Influenza vaccination by the adult´s population
FILIPOVÁ, Kateřina
The topic of the bachelor thesis is Influenza vaccination by the adult's population. The theoretical part deals with an analysis of the illness, its history, clinical charakteristic, influenza viruses and their structure and mutability. This part also deals with transmission, incubation period, treatment, prevention and occurrence of the viruses. In addition, this part is focussed on the vaccination itself. I concentrated on vaccines, indication, contraindication, side effects and interaction and vaccination of the adults. It was also necessary to mention Pandemic Plan of the Czech Republic and surveillance of influenza. As an extra item, we have added a subchapter called "Influenza in the Czech Republic in 2015" to the end of the theoretical part. The occurrence of the flu in terms of weeks since the beginning of the year is listed in the subchapter. The opinions on the vaccination are significantly varied and the thesis mentions both opinions in favour of and against the vaccination at the same time. In the practical part, three aims are defined. The aim of the thesis is to find out opinions among the adults on influenza, opinions on the influenza vaccination and the vaccination coverage among the adults as well. A quantitative surveillance based on the questionnaire method is a part of the thesis as well. The questionnaire based on the research assumptions was published on the internet in order to include as many respondents as possible. 322 people filled-in the questionnaire in three weeks. The results of the research were displayed in graphs. After the evaluation of the questionnaire, it was found out that research assumptions number 1 and 2 have been confirmed. The adults do not believe in the influenza vaccination and the vaccination coverage is low among the people. Research assumption number 3 has not been confirmed but it has not been refuted either. The majority of the respondents do not consider influenza a serious illness. On the other hand, they think that the illness can endanger their life. The thesis could be exploited for a better understanding of the problematic as people can clarify or extend information about the influenza vaccination and about the illness as well.
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Level of awareness and attitudes of parents to above-standard vaccination of children 0-3 years in Přibram.
PODLENOVÁ, Kateřina
This thesis is concerned with the level of parents´ awareness and attitudes to above-standard vaccination of children from 0-3 years in Příbram. Among the optional vaccination of children from 0-3 years belong vaccination against pneumococcal disease, rotavirus infections, meningococcal invasive disease (caused by meningococcal of group C, A+C, or A, C, W 135 and Y, now also of group B), tick-borne encephalitis, varicella smallpox, influenza and hepatitis A (or a combination of type A + B). The first part deals with the issue in a theoretical perspective. It foreshadows the basic characteristics of the diseases against which the premium vaccination of children from 0-3 years is offered. Further it is focused on vaccines against these diseases, which can occur in the Czech Republic. The survey is summarized in the research. There were parents of children attending one of the 12 kindergartens in Příbram in the sample of the research. tely 40% of the parents (or mothers) of these children in each kindergarten.The results were summarized in schedules of absolute and relative frequencies, or graphs. It was set three basic goals that were met with five hypotheses. The first of these was to monitor the attitudes of parents to above-standard vaccination of children from 0-3 years in Příbram. To this target relate hypothesis H1: Parents are interested in above-standard vaccination of children from 0-3 years in Příbram, H2: Parents with higher educational level have significantly higher interest in above-standard vaccination of children from 0-3 years and H3: Parents are statistically significantly more interested in vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis than other extra vaccination of children from 0-3 years, due to an endemic area of tick-borne encephalitis in Příbram. These hypotheses were not confirmed statistically. The second aim investigated the main reason for the possible lack of interest in extra vaccination of children from 0-3 years in Příbram. The target was filled with hypothesis H4: The main reason for the possible lack of parents´ interest in extra vaccination of children from 0-3 years is high price of vaccines, which was statistically refuted. The third goal was to explore parents' knowledge about diseases against which the extra vaccination of children from 0-3 years is offered. To this goal was set the hypothesis H5: Parents have sufficient information about the diseases against which the extra vaccination of children from 0-3 years is offered. This hypothesis was confirmed. The hypotheses were verified by ?chi-square? test at a significance level of 5%, which is an instrument of verification or falsification of hypotheses. This work may be used in practice as a preview to the parents´ awareness and interest in extra vaccination of children from 0-3 years. As well as cumulative information materials for professionals and the public about the above-standard vaccination of children from 0-3 years.
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The issues of vaccination against influenza in the elderly
VÁVROVÁ, Marie
This bachelor thesis deals with influenza vaccination for the elderly, their awareness of the flu, its severity, complications and risks. Influenza is among the most frequent infection in the Czech Republic. Many people confuse the common cold and upper respiratory tract infections, which usually have mild symptoms, with flu, which can cause very serious, even fatal complications. Risk groups include mainly people above 65 years old and it is this group of people my thesis and research concentrate on. The thesis is devided into two parts, theoretical and practical respectfully. The theoretical part consists primarily with familiarisation with major flu pandemics and continues with chapters that deal with essential characteristics of the influenza virus, a description of the flu and flu complications in the elderly. I concern myself in the research part with finding out how much older persons know about the disease, if it is perceived as a serious illness or not, if they are aware of the risks and complications the disease can cause them at their age. The paper sets out three objectives. My first goal is to find out how much the seniors are informed about the severity of influenza disease, next goal is to map vaccination rates of the elderly against influenza in the Český Krumlov region and the third objective is to determine whether there are differences in immunization rates between homes for the elderly and elderly people living independently. Quantitative research method using an anonymous questionnaire was used to obtain the data. 100 questionnaires completed by respondents above the age of 50 from the Český Krumlov region were used for processing. I predicted two hypotheses in the context of the objectives of my thesis which were subsequently disproved. My first hypothesis was: Most seniors considered the influenza disease as serious. I was not able to confirm this hypothesis. Only about a half of the respondents consider influenza as serious. This ratio is not dependent on age, place of residence or level of educational, however significantly depends on gender. The ratio of men who consider influenza as a serious illness is significantly lower when compared with women. Second hypothesis: the vaccination coverage in homes for the elderly is higher than among elderly people living independently. I was unable to confirm this hypothesis either. Information about the vaccine and its cost mostly come from the attending physician, the press and media. Mapping immunization coverage showed that only 23 of 100 respondents (23%) were vaccinated against influenza. The proposed objectives based on the obtained data have been met. The bachelor thesis may serve specialists as a source of information in the future. The concluded data and information can be mediated to the elderly either by general practicioners or in nursing homes. The results and information about the severity of influenza illness covered in this thesis can also serve as a source of information about this issue to the general public.
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Seasonal influenza vaccination and reasons for vaccination refusal among nurses
RODOVÁ, Kateřina
This bachelor work deals with an assessment of vaccination rates against seasonal flu for nurses as well as their opinions and reason for refusing the flu vaccination. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical.In the theoretical part chapters the knowledge of epidemiology, history of flu, originator, treatment and possible preventions against flu infection were processed. Further in the theoretical part I dealt with vaccination against this illness. For processing I used monographic publications, expert medical articles as well as electronic sources. In the research part I examined how the respondents understand the flu as an illness. I was interested if they consider this illness serious or not. I was very interested in nurses opinion about seasonal vaccination due to the fact that they are a group of people being aware of possible risks of this illness. The aim of my work is to analyze the reasons resulting in low vaccination of this group and finding the way how to increase it. I set up three main goals in my work. The first goal was to make a research of vaccination against seasonal flu for nurses in Pisek hospital and ambulatory workplaces of ordinary doctors in Pisek. The second goal was to analyze reasons for low vaccination for nurses and the third goal was to analyze reasons making nurses accept the flu vaccination. To gain all the data I used the method of quantitative research by anonymous questionnaire survey. 140 questionnaires in total were handed over. The final volume being processed was 106. All the data were assessed by graphs and tables (charts). The aim of the practical part was to find out vaccination rate for nurses in Pisek hospital and ambulatory ordinary doctors in Pisek. The research was forgone by ?preresearch? to check up the suitability of the chosen method for the data collection. The data collection was realized by the form of questionnaire. This questionnaire was anonymous and consisted of 18 questions. These questions focused on the problem of seasonal flu vaccination rate for nurses. I was also trying to find out the most essential reasons leading the nurses to refuse the seasonal flu vaccination. In connection with the work I set up 2 hypothesis and 1 research question. According to the survey I either confirmed or refuted them. Through the first hypothesis I was trying to find out if the seasonal flu vaccination rate for nurses is higher than for the common population. This hypothesis was not confirmed as the rate was lower for nurses than for the common population. In the second hypothesis I was dealing with the question if the nurses working in Pisek hospital are more interested in seasonal flu vaccination than the nurses working in ambulatory workplaces. I could confirm this hypothesis, but the vaccination rate was still very low. The research result shows that the most common reason for non-vaccination is distrust to seasonal flu vaccination effects. It also means that most of the respondents do not consider flu as a serious illness. Through this work I would like to highlight the importance of information which might help nurses to consider the possible risks of flu and motivate them to use the vaccination. Vaccination is an important mean of prevention from flu viruses, especially for risk groups of people. For the research it also results that nurses underestimate the vaccination and most of them were not vaccinated against the illness. According to the results it is clear that nurses are well informed about all the risks connected to this illness. Flu vaccination as well as vaccination in general is still very intensively discussed topic at our society. Preventing the flu by vaccination for nurses reduces the impact of flu illnesses especially at risk groups ? no doubt that all the hospital organization clients are. Very often people confuse flu with light cold of respiratory tracts. In the working environment flu spreads very quickly.
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Prevention of influenza in persons aged over 65 years and in persons with high-risk medical conditions in the district of Český Krumlov and their attitude toward vaccination.
ĎURIŠOVÁ, Markéta
The topic of my thesis is the issue of prevention of influenza in persons aged 65 years and persons with high-risk medical conditions in the district of Český Krumlov and their attitude toward vaccination. The study is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part a comprehensive knowledge of epidemiology, the cause, treatment and opportunities for the prevention of influenza are mentioned. The practical part is focused on a vaccination coverage survey and opinions on vaccination in people aged over 65 years and persons with high-risk medical conditions in the district of Český Krumlov and analysis of results obtained by the research investigation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the reasons that lead to small vaccination coverage of these groups and to find out how to increase vaccination rates. To obtain the data I used the method of quantitative research by means of anonymous questionnaires. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed. The final number for data processing was 190 questionnaires. In connection with the study I set out four hypotheses. The hypotheses were confirmed or refuted on the basis of my investigation assessment. The research results have shown that the most frequent reason for non-vaccination is the lack of information the respondents have about influenza disease and influenza vaccination. This implies the fact that the most respondents do not believe in the effects of vaccination, and many people do not perceive influenza as a serious condition. Therefore, through this study I would like to emphasize the importance of information that can help people consider the risk of influenza disease and encourage them to use vaccination.
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Assessment of Vaccination Coverage Against Influenza among Students of the University of South Bohemia in the České Budějovice
RUDKOVÁ, Eva
This thesis deals with the evaluation of vaccination against influenza among students of University of South Bohemia, their opinions and their approach to the issue of vaccination against influenza. The theoretical part is focused on historical, clinical, diagnostic, virological, immunological and epidemiological aspects of influenza vaccine development and vaccination against influenza. The aim of the practical part was to determine how widespread is influenza vaccination among students of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, map their opinion on the vaccination and to assess their awareness regarding vaccination against influenza and influenza in general. For research purposes a questionnaire survey was distributed among students of the University of South Bohemia. The selection of respondents was conducted by stratified random selection so that it covered approximately 5% occupancy of each faculty. This research preceded a preliminary research to determine the suitability of the chosen method of data collection. As a data collection instrument was chosen the method of questioning by the form of questionnaires. Quota for the research was to study the respondents at the South Bohemian University and studied faculty. In total 468 questionnaires were evaluated. The results of the research shows that students of University of South Bohemia underestimate vaccination, and most of them have never been vaccinated against this disease. In spite of this is, the results show that the awareness of students is good and among faculties except the Faculty of Health and Social Care, there is not a significant difference. Faculty of Health and Social achieved in the overall awareness significantly higher result than other faculty. Thus confirming the hypothesis that there are differences between students' awareness of the Health and Social faculty and students of other faculties. The aim of this thesis is to alert students of the University of South Bohemia about the pros of influenza vaccination and increase their awareness in this area.
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