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Physiological adaptations associated with body size and longevity in endothermic vertebrates
Pazdera, Lukáš ; Tomášek, Oldřich (advisor) ; Blažek, Radim (referee)
Abstact Lifespan is related to a number of physiological processes that are interconnected. Longevous species are assumed to have evolved certain physiological adaptations that slow down ageing rate and enable long lifespan. The aim of my thesis was to review physiological traits that has been hypothesised to be associated with lifespan, and to evaluate the empirical support for such hypotheses. Studies testing the association of these traits with body size has also been included in my thesis, as body size is known to be tightly related to lifespan. Traits that are reviewed in my thesis due to their hypothesised coevolution with lifespan are as follows: metabolic rate (i.e., a total amount of energy expended by the organism per unit of body mass and unit of time), oxidative stress resistance, telomere length and rate of telomere shortening and intensity of stress and immune responses. Key words: Lifespan, longevity, survival, reproduction, oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, metabnolic rate, immunity, antioxidants
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Analysis of longevity in the Czech Republic and Sweden
Hejnalová, Lucie ; Antovová, Michaela (advisor) ; Dotlačilová, Petra (referee)
The aim of this bachelor's thesis is an analysis of longevity issue in Czech Republic and Sweden from 1969 to 2015. This thesis deals with very old old people and their sex structure and summarizes data sources of them. This analysis is concerned with a historical development of longevity and a current situation. Finally is provided a predict futures value of selected indicators in 2035. The forecast is performed using trend functions. The analysis of longevity shows increasing number very old old people in both countries. Between very old old people exist more often women than men. Level longevity of Czech Republic approaches to level of Sweden. The predict shows that number of seniors and very old old people will increase in future.
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Evolutionary aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Major role of the Apolipoprotein E
Škubica, Patrik ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Jirák, Roman (referee)
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most discussed conditions, due to its huge social and economic consequences. Whereas molecular and genetic aspects causing early onset of the disease are relatively well known, it still remains to be clearly shown how genetic risks and environmental factors interact to ultimately cause the late onset form. Major molecular-genetic factors affecting risk of developing Alzheimer's disease are APOE gene and its product apolipoprotein E. This gene occurs in humans in three common variants that differ among each other in exon sequence by one single nucleotide polymorphism. Similar difference exists between human and mammal APOE gene that served as an origin for human forms. This thesis discusses possible evolutionary scenarios of APOE gene and links acquired information to molecular and environmental ascpects of Alzheimer's disease.
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Latitudinal trends in avian life-histories
Krejčířová, Zuzana ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Reif, Jiří (referee)
Most studies on bird focus on northern temperate zone species. However, the vast majority of birds occupies tropical environments. In birds, differences between tropical and temperate zone species in various life-history traits have long been assumed. These differences may reflect variation in solving the survival-reproduction trade-off, with temperate species preferring actual reproduction over the survival and tropical species preferring the oposite. In this bachelor thesis I summarize the result of literature search focusing on latitudinal trends in selected life-history traits in birds. In the first part of thesis I provide an overview of differences between the temperate and tropical zone in environmental conditions often assumed to closely affect the evolution of avian life histories. In the second part of the thesis, I focus on particular life-history traits where the differences between tropical and temperate species were detected. Latitudinal trends in chosen life history associated traits (clutch size, longevity and life span, basal metabolic rate) indeed seem to correspond with the general prediction of comparatively slow pace of life in tropical species.
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Flight initiation distances and life histories in birds: comparison of intra- and interspecific approaches
Brzobohatá, Tereza ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Klvaňa, Petr (referee)
Information about the distance, in which the birds flee from predators, may help us to better understand avian escape behavior and stress responses. These distances are influenced by many life-history traits and related factors, both on intraspecific and interspecific levels. This bachelor's thesis is trying to summarize the current knowledge of agents influencing flight initiation distances (FID) of birds, in the form of a literary research. The first section deals with antipredator behavior in birds, and explains methods that are used for measuring critical distances. In the second part of thesis, factors affecting flight initiation distances on intraspecific level are described. The main emphasis is on impact of age characteristics, body sizes, reproductive investments and geographical distribution. The last chapter summarizes the information about relationships between FID and life-history traits on interspecific level. The age of the individual, levels of stress hormones, the effect of the season and biotop are described in detail. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Phenomenon of longevity
Krejná, Anna ; Ondrušová, Jiřina (advisor) ; Cimrmannová, Tereza (referee)
Thesis entitled Phenomenon of longevity aims to describe and define very actual today Thema longevity. There is also mentioned particularly contemporary view of the phenomenon and its historical development. This work also touches demographics and life expectancy, which is closely linked to longevity. Great attention is paid to the problem spots in the lives of very old people, especially their disadvantaged status. On this chapter is followed also the care and support of life, that is in such high age necessary. Part of the work are also two research projects that enable an insight into the past lives of long-lived seniors in their health and functional status, and especially trying to uncover the causes of longevity.
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Vliv vybraných faktorů na dlouhověkost dojnic holštýnského skotu
HUBÁČEK, Tomáš
The aim of this thesis was the evaluation of selected factors on milking yield and longevity of the selected herd of dairy cows of Holstein cattle in the company Prima Agri a.s. There were monitored the indicators of dairy cows of Holstein cattle such as genotype, milk performance, the order of the lactation, the age of the first calving, the length of interim and of the service period, lifetime performance and reasons for elimination. The data were taken from the dairy cows whose first lactation was finished from January 1st to December 31 st 2016. 385 dairy cows were included to the monitoring. As for the genotype influence on milk performance, statistically significant difference was found out between the first and the fourth and the third and the fourth group on the level of significance (P<0,01). The effect of the age of the first calving on milk performance in kg of milk on first lactation wasn´t statistically provable (P>0,05). Statistically highly significant difference was found out by the effect of the order of the lactation on milk performance on the level of significance (P<0,01) between the groups of the first lactation and of the other groups of lactation. Statistically significant difference was found out between the 2nd lactation and the 4th and higher lactation on the level of significance (P<0,05). The effect of the genotype on the length of interim and the effect of the order of lactation on the length of interim weren´t statistically provable (P>0,05). The effect of genotype on length of the service period was statistically significant on the level of significance (P<0,01) between the group H2 and the group H3. Statistically significant difference (P<0,05) was found out between the groups H1 and H3, H1 and H4 and as well as between the groups H2 and R. The effect of the order of lactation on the length of service period was statistically highly significant on the level of significance (P<0,001) between the groups of the first lactation and of the other groups of lactation and between the groups of the second and fourth and higher lactation. The effect of the genotype of eliminated dairy cows on lifetime performance in kg of milk was statistically highly significant on the level of significance (P<0,001) between the groups H 1 and H2, H1 and H3, H2 and H3, H2 and R, H3 and R. An average number of eliminated dairy cows was 28,62 %. The biggest number of the eliminated dairy cows was on the grounds of fertility disorders and that is 35%. Longevity of the eliminated dairy cows was 2,7 lactation.
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Vztah mezi exteriérem a mléčnou užitkovostí dojených plemen skotu
KOLLMANN, Milan
The relationship between linear type traits and productional, longevity traits were analysed for 645 cows first calved between 2000-2016. The aim of study was to evaluate realionships of individual 20 type traits and 4 general conformation characteristics. For analysed herd was evaluated impact of individual type traits to first lactation milk yield in kg, lifetime milk yield in kg and functional longevity in days. Results proved important relations between folowing linear type traits and first lactation milk yield in kg: rump lenght, rump width, body depth, muscularity, pastern, fore udder lenght, rear udder attachment, central ligament, udder depth and front teat placement. Statisticly important relationships were found between all general conformation characteristics and first lactation milk yield. Proved impact between individual linear type traits and lifetime milk yield were found for rump angle, hock and front teat placement. Relationships between general conformation characteristics and lifetime milk yield were not statisticly proved. For analysed herd were also found important relations between rump angle and hock to functional longevity. Important relationships between general conformation characteristics and functional longevity were not found. In overall 192 cows were culled in analysed herd in 2016. The most frequent reason of culling a cow out of breed was caused by fertility disorders which participated in overall culling reasons in 34,9 %.
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Density dependent growth of brown trout Salmo trutta in oligotrophic streams
Závorka, Libor ; Slavík, Ondřej (advisor) ; Frouzová, Jaroslava (referee)
This thesis deals with the influence of population density on the growth of brown trout Salmo trutta. The research was carried out in the Šumava National Park in the river basins of two oligotrophic streams, the Vydra and the Křemelná. Data has been collected between years 2005 and 2010, every spring and autumn. Fish were caught via electrofishing and the length and weight of each individual were measured. Every individual caught was marked in a unique way. A few samples of scales were taken from some of them. The scales were fixed into laboratory slides, scanned and measured by graphic software. According to the differences between annual lamellas density, the age and the annual growth of individual's body length were estimated. Thanks to these results a negative relationship between the individuals' of age 1+ growth rate and the population density was confirmed. The importance of this thesis is mainly in comparing the influence of different spatial and time definitions of population on this relationship. The influence of the population density in spring (the initial time of the growth period) was proved to be essential for the growth rate. This fact suggests the importance of compensation growth intensity after the long period of winter for individual's general growth under conditions provided by...
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Methods of Color Prints Lightfastness Evaluation
Komárková, Hana ; Havlínová,, Bohuslava (referee) ; Dzik, Petr (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with recent methods of lightfastness evaluation of the colour photographs. It summarizes the experimental methods used for both classic and digitally printed materials. Samples made by using the dye diffusion thermal transfer were put to accelerated and long-term lightfastness tests. Colour changes of the samples were evaluated on the basis of measured reflective spectra from which colorimetric quantities were calculated. The velocity constant of photograph fading was specified by dependence on the loss of normalized gamut volume on the exposure.
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