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Population structure, migration and dynamics in Africa and Arabia
Čížková, Martina ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Frynta, Daniel (referee) ; Zrzavý, Jan (referee)
In addition to the interaction of evolutionary forces, the population history of the African Sahel and Arabia has been influenced by the spread of Neolithic cultural innovations. The reflection of these processes today is a very complex structured diversity of the current populations, which is presented here through the analysis of several genetic markers. The aim is to provide a comprehensive view of the history of demographic processes in the Sahel and Arabia, by combining genetic, linguistic, subsistence and geographical data obtained from local populations. A study of a large dataset of mtDNA sequences showed that Arabia was a major crossroads in gene flow, and although it was colonized by anatomically modern humans from East Africa, today's differentiation from Africa is greater than the differentiation between local populations in these regions. Even the Sahel was an important biocorridor in the past. Today, we encounter populations of various subsistence strategies (nomadic pastoralists and settled farmers), between which gene flow has been severely restricted. A comparison of uniparently inherited loci in both groups points to different migratory activity in the eastern and western parts of the Sahel. Analyzes of Alu elements, which indicated the inclination of West African herders (Fulbs)...
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Why so specious? The role of pollinators and symbionts in plant population structure and speciation along elevational gradients.
SOUTO VILARÓS, Daniel
This thesis explores the role mutualist pollinators and their symbionts play in the genetic structuring and speciation of their host plants along an elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. Using the fig and fig-wasp mutualism as a model system, we employed high-throughput sequencing techniques to explore fine-scale population genomics of both fig and wasps along their elevational range. We found there to be clear lowland and highland clustering of tree populations along the gradient, often with a mid-elevation contact zone. In the case of the pollinating wasps, we retrieved the same clustering except in this case, the genetic difference between clusters was high enough as to consider them as separate species. This result supports evidence from other studies challenging the cospeciation paradigm of one wasp species per fig species. In addition, we explore ecological traits which may promote, or at least, maintain, reproductive isolation between fig (sub)species along with behavioural preference tests from pollinating wasps. In order to further investigate the mechanisms promoting wasp speciation along the gradient, we describe Wolbachia infection status as well as strain type. Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is often invoked as a possible speciation agent since it can rapidly provoke and maintain reproductive isolation between otherwise freely interbreeding insect populations. Finally, we explore non-pollinating fig wasp (NPFW) diversity along the gradient for a subset of our focal species. Our study reveals that there is a tight relationship between NPFW diversity and host species, and a mid-elevation peak.
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Demographic Development in the Suburban Zone of Prague
Kračunova, Dominika ; Šimková, Martina (advisor) ; Fiala, Tomáš (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the demographic development in the suburban zone of Prague, the territory most affected by the process of suburbanization. The aim of the thesis is to characterize the development of the demographic structure of monitored areas, to capture changes in the level of selected demographic indicators and to create a projection of the future development of the population. In the surveyed areas, the size of the population increased significantly during the period under review, mainly due to migration of specific age groups into the area. Immigration has led to a significant rejuvenation of the population and has brought about changes in the population structure that have had a decisive influence on the further development of the surveyed demographic indicators.
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Transforming the composition of families and households in the 19th and the 20th centuries in a selected area of the Czech Lands
Havlíčková, Barbora ; Fialová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Velková, Alice (referee)
Transforming the composition of families and households in the 19th and 20th centuries in a selected area of the Czech Lands Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze changes in the size and composition of families and households in the 19th and 20th centuries in the South Bohemian town of Soběslav. The research is based on a comparison of data obtained excerption of census in 1869, 1880 and 1910. The first part of the demographic analysis focuses on the assessment of the size and structure of the population by age, sex, family status and nationality. In the second part the survey data from individual census are processed for individual households and families. The notion of familly and household is based on the basis of cohabitation. The division of households by the P. Laslett was used.
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Spatial variability in population structure of wintering Ducks
Prokešová, Erika ; Musil, Petr (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
5 Abstract This thesis is aimed at spatial variability of population structure of our four most common and the most numerous species of ducks wintering in the Czech Republic. These analysed species are Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), Common Merganser (Mergus merganser) and Northern Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula). The field data were collected by January International Waterbird Census in the Czech Republic between 2004 and 2013. Analysed habitat variables include: type of wetland, altitude, population size, level of urbanisation (size of settlement) and mean January air temperature in the investigated site. There was found no significant effect of type of wetland and local population density on population structure in any of these bird species. The next factor, altitude of sites was confirmed as significant only for Mallards, when increasing altitude decreased proportion of males in the population. Furthermore, effect of urbanization was found also in Mallard, when proportions of males increased with level of urbanization, i.e. in larger cities. Finally, , temperature of sites was confirmed to be significant factor affecting population size in the three analyzed species, i.e. in Mallard, Tufted Duck and Northern Goldeneye. Except Common Merganser, ratio of males grew with...
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Internal structure of the Balkan refugium using Erinaceus roumanicus as a model organism
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Černá Bolfíková, Barbora (advisor) ; Zemanová, Barbora (referee)
The aim of this work was to describe the spatial distribution of genetic variability of the northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus), mainly within the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe, as these areas are crucial for understanding the effects of Pleistocene climate oscillations on the genetic architecture of the species. Based on this spatial distribution, hypotheses about the possible structuring of the Balkan refugia were formulated. A total of 260 individuals and 9 microsatellite loci were used for the analysis. Using the approach of landscape and population genetics several possible isolated subpopulations within the area surveyed were identified. Unique status was proved for a population originating from Crete, probably influenced by mechanisms of island evolution. Differences from the rest of the range were ascertained also in population from the Czech Republic, located in a secondary contact zone with the E. europeaus. The role of interspecific interactions and possible introgression should be considered in this case. In the area of Romania and the area south of the Balkan Peninsula the highest genetic distances between individuals were identified, probably associated with the occurrence of geographical barriers and the possible presence of glacial subrefugia. Other identified...
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Y chromosome in the mouse hybrid zone
Rubík, Pavel ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Zemanová, Barbora (referee)
The contact zone between subspecies of house mouse Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus is one of the most intensively studied hybrid zones. It is also due to extensive introgression of the Y chromosome of M. m. musculus subspecies to the genetic background of M. m. domesticus. One theory of the origin of the introgression explains it by intragenomic conflict between the sexes. With a set of variable microsatellite markers on the Y chromosome, I have examined the validity of this theory by simple approaches revealing the history of the introgression area. It turned out that overly big variability of our markers makes the revelation of this theory impossible. Our markers have been found suitable for use in the analysis of population structure of house mouse. Thanks to them, we can identify migrants between localities and estimate the level of closeness of the population structure in relation to migrants from the neighborhood. Populations in our analysis proved to be relatively closed and resistant to the influx of migrants. Despite the conclusions of previous research where the dispersion of males ran up to one kilometer, I have discovered a relatively large number of migrations to a distance of thirty kilometers. Keywords Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus domesticus, Y chromosome,...
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Population structure of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Říhová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Pivnička, Karel (referee)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus), is historicaly the most widespread carnivore with the former range including most of the northern hemisphere. The ambivalent relationship of humans to this predator resulted in extermination of this species in many areas, on the other hand led to the evolution of the dog, unique domesticant with vast phenotypic variation. The effort of conservation biology in last decades resulted in the shift of perception the role of big carnivores in ecosystems, with consequent recolonization of many regions by wolf, including the Czech republic. This changes brings the elevation of interest in this taxon by both experts and laymans. Present review aims to assemble published information regarding distribution, phylogeography, population structure, social and spatial behaviour of the gray wolf. The chapters describing the domestication process of the dog and hybridization with his wild ancestor are included.
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Diversity, distribution and genetic structure of the tribe Pipistrellini
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Fornůsková, Alena (referee)
This literature review discusses phylogenetic relationships within the family Vespertilionidae with a detailed focus on tribus Pipistrellini relations and then the individual genera and species within this tribe. A historical summary of efforts to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the taxon first on the basis of morphological studies, comparison of karyotype and most recently on the basis of genetic markers. Mitochondrial genetic markers are useful in studying phylogeography, as this paper shows on the example of the Pipistrellus species complex and on species Nyctalus azoreum, Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula and Pipistrellus abramus. Furthermore, this work describes the current distribution of individual taxa of tribe, the fossil record and migration behavior of European temperate species in the context of their population structure (also studied in some species using mtDNA and microsatellites) and Annex shows the areas extending all five genera Pipistrellini tribe. Key words: Pipistrellini, phylogenenetics, phylogeography, distribution, population structure
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