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Regulation of development of mouse parthenogenetic embryos
Jettmarová, Dominika ; Fulka, Josef (advisor) ; Kaňka, Jiří (referee)
The development of mouse (Mus musculus) haploid parthenogenetic embryos does not reach the same level as normal embryos. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out whether haploid parthenogenetic embryos of mice differ in the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. The volume of the nucleus increases with ploidity. The nucleocytoplasmic ratios of haploid embryos do not significantly change between the two-cell and four-cell stage (p = 0.052), there is a significant difference (p < 0.001) for diploid and tetraploid embryos. Non-standard nucleocytoplasmic ratio could be related to the problematic development. Understanding the regulation of preimplantational development of parthenogenetic embryos will increase the efficiency of haploid embryonic stem cell derivation.
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Gene expression in chicken embryo: micromanipulation and visualization methods
Bendová, Michaela ; Dvořák, Michal (advisor) ; Hirsch, Ivan (referee) ; Krylov, Vladimír (referee)
The aim of this work was to obtain better insight into the principles of cell structures and organs in the chicken embryo development. To reach this goal special methods of micromanipulations and visualization in vitro, ex vivo, ex ovo and in ovo were implemented and adjusted. These methods were used to study gene expression in neural crest development and eye development. In the course of long term research in our laboratory we observed that oncoprotein v-Myb influences the development of the neural crest and has the capacity to change natural cell fate. We performed a series of experiments to investigate v-Myb protein influence on neural crest cells differentiation, especially melanocyte lineage development, and its influence on gene expression in the neural crest. Therefore we focused on Gremlin 2 (PRDC), the gene upregulated by v-Myb in the neural crest. The established procedure of electroporation in ovo was adjusted to transfect cells of the developing eye and used to study gene expression during lens induction. The results obtained from chicken embryo experiments endorsed the study performed on mouse embryos. Futhermore, the electroporation technique was slightly modified for manipulations of the neural retina in the developing eye in ovo. Thereafter, the retinas were processed ex vivo and...
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Role of Nkx2.5 in development and electrophysiology of the mouse heart
Hámor, Peter ; Sedmera, David (advisor) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
Role of Nkx2.5 in development and electrophysiology of the mouse heart Prague 2016 Peter Hámor, B.S. ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of Nkx2.5 gene dosage on electrophysiology of the mouse heart in prenatal stage of its development. The main goal of this work is to search for differences in conduction of electric impulses through the embryonic mouse hearts of different genotype. Special method of capturing the conduction of electric impulse through myocardium, called optical mapping, was used to visualize the electrical activity. Thanks to this method I was able to construct images and videos capturing the spread of the impulse with identification of the beginning of the activation and its direction in the heart. These outputs, or optical maps, help to define anomalies and defects in mutants compared with a normal functioning heart. The thesis focuses on the expression of the transcription factor Nkx2.5 and regulatory components related with the correct formation and physiology of the heart until 9.5 days post coitum. Embryos at this developmental stage were optically mapped and analysed according to their genotype. While the wild type and heterozygote mouse embryos exhibited high degree of similarity, the homozygous mutants were dramatically different. Considering this work...
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Prenatal and perinatal loss entangled in Czech institutions
Hintnausová, Marie ; Zandlová, Markéta (advisor) ; Klepal, Jaroslav (referee)
PRENATAL AND PERINATAL LOSS ENTANGLED IN CZECH INSTITUTIONS Marie Hintnausová ABSTRACT An ethnographic research among women who experienced a loss of child during pregnancy or postpartum aims to expose contexts and backgrounds in which prenatal and perinatal loss emerges in the Czech Republic. This life event is delineated not only by unique biographies of affected mothers, but also by the societal understanding of prenatal life and institutional definitions of human reproduction. This thesis highlights various notions and meanings entangled in the event of prenatal and perinatal death and shows which trajectories women follow in the terrain of societal expectations and governmental and biomedical institutions when they lose a promised assurance of raising a new child.
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The legal status of the embryo from the perspective of European human rights protection
Havlíková, Barbora ; Pítrová, Lenka (referee)
Title The legal status of the embryo from the perspective of European human rights protection Abstract The thesis addresses the question regarding the legal status of the human embryo in European law. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate whether the embryo stands in the position of a legal object or legal subject and whether the legal status of embryo is in compliance with natural law. For this purpose the thesis firstly defines the status in the field of natural law, i.e. the moral status of embryo. Afterwards, the thesis examines the legal position of embryo in human rights protection. The thesis answers the question whether the embryo is subject of human rights documents. The legal status of embryo is analyzed in relation to the subjectivity of human rights in general as well as in relation to specific rights. The interpretation of legal terms "human being" and "everyone" contribute to a better understanding of legal status of embryo in general. The analysis of the specific rights, namely the right to life, human dignity, personal integrity and non-discrimination, shows the complexity of the potential legal subjectivity of embryo in the area of human rights. The evaluation of the legal status of human embryo in the area of human rights protection is complemented by an assessment of legal status in other...
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Criminal aspects of assisted reproduction
Škurlová, Dagmar ; Sovová, Olga (advisor) ; Císařová, Dagmar (referee)
Criminal aspects of assisted reproduction Abstract The work deals with one of the most dynamically developing medical disciplines - assisted reproduction, the introduction and development of their technologies are considered one of the greatest advances in medicine in the 20th century. The purpose of this thesis is to provide the consistent overview of criminal law relations which may arise within providing assisted reproduction and to analyze the individual facts of crimes related to assisted reproduction, which should verify whether their wording provides sufficient protection for relations, interests and values covered by the Criminal Code. The thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter presents the fields of criminal law and medical law and examines the relationship between criminal law and health care system. The second chapter lists the conditions of criminal liability of natural and legal persons and lists the ground establishing the absence of criminal liability. The third chapter defines the concept of assisted reproduction, characterizes its methods, provides a historical overview of events that preceded the current interpretation of the concept. The third chapter also provides an overview of the principles that apply in this field of medicine and a list of sources governing the issue....
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The utility of Toll-like receptor 2 in defining the progenitors of definitive embryonic hematopoiesis
Šplíchalová, Iva ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Nečas, Emanuel (referee) ; Kalina, Tomáš (referee)
Hematopoiesis is a vital process in which red blood cells and cells of the immune system are formed. It is initiated during early embryonic development when we find hematopoietic progenitors in separate anatomical sites. Embryonic hematopoiesis comprises three successive and partly overlapping waves of progenitors with a different hematopoietic potential. The primary anatomical place where hematopoiesis takes place shortly before the birth is the bone marrow (BM). Since at this time point of development BM is already populated by hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) progenitors, it becomes also the site of hematopoiesis in adulthood. However, the bone marrow is not the only place where hematopoietic progenitors emerge and develop. The Yolk sac (YS) and the Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM) region are the initial sites of the appearance of the three waves of progenitors in the early embryogenesis. These progenitors and their descendants play an indispensable role during the development of an individual. Because there are no specific markers that would unambiguously characterize progenitors of these individual waves, their physical separation and hence also functional characterization is still incomplete. Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on adult HSCs. The stimulation of...
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Folate and its role in early embryonic development of higher vertebrates.
Zahradníková, Hana ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Procházková, Michaela (referee)
Folate or vitamin B9 is an essential water-soluble nutrient that takes part in important cellular processes. These include amino acid metabolism, methylation, and nucleotide synthesis, the last two of which play a key role in early embryonic development. It was approximately 30 years ago when folic acid supplementation was confirmed to help prevent embryonic neural tube defects and since then an intake of 400 µg of folate a day has been recommended to all women of childbearing age. Despite this, folate deficiency is a relatively common phenomenon and during pregnancy can lead to congenital malformations and pregnancy complications. This bachelor thesis summarizes the latest findings on the association of neural tube defects and miscarriages with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding folate metabolism enzymes in humans, focusing mainly on the gene encoding the enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Furthermore, this thesis deals with potential mechanisms of the folate's protective effect which could participate in the prevention of neural tube defects and are studied mainly on model organisms. Key words: folate, embryo, neural tube defects, MTHFR, homocysteine, miscarriage, single-nucleotide polymorphisms
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Automatic smoothing 3D models of cranial embryonic mouse cartilage
Kočendová, Kateřina ; Harabiš, Vratislav (referee) ; Jakubíček, Roman (advisor)
The focus of this thesis is the smoothing of manually segmented 3D models of mouse embryo craniofacial cartilege. During the process of manual segmentation, artefacts and other imperfections appear in the final models and need to be repaired. Firstly, manual segmentation is corrected using gradients and thresholding. Subsequent smoothing methods are constructed based on theoretical research. Algorithmizing is executed in the MATLAB environment. All the designed algorithms are then tested on selected models. Statistical evaluation is determined using the Srensen–Dice coefficient, where manually smoothened models cleared of all artefacts are used as the gold standard.
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The legal status of the embryo from the perspective of European human rights protection
Havlíková, Barbora ; Pítrová, Lenka (referee)
Title The legal status of the embryo from the perspective of European human rights protection Abstract The thesis addresses the question regarding the legal status of the human embryo in European law. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate whether the embryo stands in the position of a legal object or legal subject and whether the legal status of embryo is in compliance with natural law. For this purpose the thesis firstly defines the status in the field of natural law, i.e. the moral status of embryo. Afterwards, the thesis examines the legal position of embryo in human rights protection. The thesis answers the question whether the embryo is subject of human rights documents. The legal status of embryo is analyzed in relation to the subjectivity of human rights in general as well as in relation to specific rights. The interpretation of legal terms "human being" and "everyone" contribute to a better understanding of legal status of embryo in general. The analysis of the specific rights, namely the right to life, human dignity, personal integrity and non-discrimination, shows the complexity of the potential legal subjectivity of embryo in the area of human rights. The evaluation of the legal status of human embryo in the area of human rights protection is complemented by an assessment of legal status in other...
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