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Prevention of Cervical Cancer
Kafková, Simona ; Šafář, Petr (advisor)
Cervical cancer is a disease characterized by an abnormal growth of cells in the uterine cervix. It is caused by an infection with a range of high risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) and it is now accepted that more that 99 % of the cervical cancer is initiated by the HPV infection. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease. Most of the HPV infections are only temporary and human organism can destroy the infection with its own immune response. A persistent infection can lead to the malign transformation and an uncontrolled cell proliferation. There are more than 10 years between an epithelial infection and cervical cancer. Prevention of cervical cancer includes an HPV protection, an early diagnosis and a treatment. In spite of the fact that there has been enormous progress in the area of the cervical cancer prevention when vaccination against the most common HPV types was discovered, an early precancerous diagnosis through the use of the full-area screening still remains an essential precaution. The screening still needs to be provided not only to unvaccinated women but also to the immunized ones because current vaccines protect only against 80% of the oncogenic HPV types. Because of the prolonged absence of clinical symptoms in precancerous stages, the cytodiagnosis is the only method...
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The Role of WT1 gene in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis
Kramarzová, Karolina ; Trka, Jan (advisor) ; Zadražil, Stanislav (referee)
6 Abstract The Wilms' tumor gene is highly expressed in a large proportion of human acute leukemias and other hematological malignancies. It is thought to play an important role in human hematpoiesis and leukemogenesis. Despite the large number of studies, WT1 expression patterns and its clinical significance in acute myeloid leukemia remain still controversial. To investigate the prognostic relevance of initial WT1 expression and its usefulness as a marker for minimal residual disease, we have analysed 66 bone marrow samples from newly diagnosed AML patients. RQ-RT-PCR for absolute quantification of total WT1 was designed according to Europe Against Cancer Program. In 82 % of samples we detected a higher expression of WT1 compared to normal healthy donors or patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (p<0.0001). We did not find any correlation between initial WT1 expression level and age or sex. Patients with FAB M3 subtype showed significantly higher WT1 levels than other subtypes, especially M5 (p<0.001). We found a strikingly high WT1 expression in standard risk group patients compared to high risk group (p<0.0007). Children with FAB/cytogenetical favorable prognostic factors have high WT1 expression, while there was no relation between WT1 levels at diagnosis and day 15 BM response. We did not find any...
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Risk Factors of Origin of Carcinom a Prostate
Homolková, Eva ; Lukeš, Martin (advisor)
The topic of his thesis Risk factors for prostate cancer I chose , because the incidence and mortality of the male population on this disease increases. According to the data listed in the National Cancer Registry The 2003 incidence of prostate cancer from 1970 to 2003 increased from 17.7 / 100,000 population to 75/100000 population ( ie an increase of 1.74 / 100,000 new diagnosed per year). Along with the upward trend in incidence and mortality this neoplasm . That since 1970, rising from 14/100000 inhabitants dead 29.3 / 100,000 population of deaths in 2003 ( an increase of 0.46 / 100,000 deaths per year). ( Figure 2 , 3) In 2003, prostate cancer was diagnosed in 3728 men ( tj.11 % of all reported neoplasms ) . A higher number of reports was only in tumors of the skin (without malignant melanoma ) and tumors of the lungs and bronchi . Prostate cancer and even than even colon cancer (8 %). When comparing the frequency of deaths neoplasms of the male population , prostate cancer stands second jointly colon cancer (each 9%). SURPASS is a neoplasm of bronchus and lung (27 % of deaths from neoplasms) . ( Figure 4 , 5) Prostate cancer is forty years practically non-existent , but then its incidence increases dramatically to between seventy and seventy fourth year reaches its maximum. (Figure 1 ) An important...
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Benefit of assesment of cytokines in inflammatory postoperative complications
Chachkhiani, Ivane ; Gürlich, Robert (advisor) ; Vokurka, Martin (referee) ; Adamec, Miloš (referee)
Infection and the resulting sepsis continue to be important causes of morbidity in surgical patients. Cytokine network causes activation of neutrophils and vascular endothelium with increased upregulation of adhesion molecules, setting at a train of pathogenic inflammatory reactions in the host. Increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines observed in the initial phase of postoperative complications have a great significance in forecasting a potentially fatal outcome of the disease and can be used for an early diagnosis of systemic complications.Prospective, clinical trial. Levels of cytokines, procalcitonin (PCT), leptin and acute phase proteins (APP) were measured before and after the operation (planned resection of colorectal cancer) and compared with levels in sepsis. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA method. APP were estimated by nephelometric analysis.PCT was measured by immunoluminometric analysisDuring the first 24 h after the planned resection of colorectal cancer there was a significant increase in serum concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 which declined in next 48 to 72 h. Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)was the highest between 18 to 24 h after the operation. IL-1 had a stable serum concentration without significant elevation. Serum concentration of IL-8 rose after 36...
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The study of epigenetic regulation of gene HLA II. Clas within family relationships
Chmel, Martin ; Černá, Marie (advisor) ; Urbanová, Jana (referee)
Introduction: At our post-genomic era the studies of epigenetic regulation constitutes one of the tools for understanding the function of genes. Epigenetic regulation can directly control the temporal and spatial gene activity or silencing. The molecular basis of these regulations are DNA bases modifications, chromatin remodeling and RNA interference. At the same time, these mechanisms have a special way of transferring genetic information to subsequent generations called epigenetic inheritance. It has been proven epigenetic deregulation of certain genes as cause for many disease. For this reason, the study of epigenome HLA genes seems particularly important because these genes play a fundamental role in regulating the immune system. Aims: The aim of this work is to create a description of epigenetic modifications within families. It is an analysis of histone modifications and DNA methylation in the promoter region of the gene HLA DQA1. The aim was also to compare the differences in epigenetic modifications between alleles and compared the differences in these modifications between generations. The results will be compared with the analysis of the level of expression of the gene HLA DQA1. Methods: From collected peripheral blood of donors were isolated DNA, RNA, and leukocytes. DNA was used for...
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Mass neonatal screening from dry blood spot
Balunová, Michala ; Hníková, Olga (advisor)
The aim of mass neonatal screening from dry blood spot is to systemically and actively identify specific congenital disorders in all the newborns. Inborn conditions being screened are either without clinical symptoms in early postnatal period, or the symptoms are easily overlooked. The onset of symptoms is often past the critical time when clinical damage was reversible. Mass neonatal screening enables early diagnostics and intervention. Screening prevents morbidity associated with these conditions, especially concerning central nervous system. It avoids the manifestations of acute crises, which may leed to the death of patients. Mass newborn screening has been a very successful preventive program to be initiated in the Czech Republic in 1975. Since 1.10. 2009 the neonatal screening in the Czech Republic encompasses these conditions: phenylketonuria/hyperphenylalaninemia, congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, cystic fibrosis, maple syrup urine disease, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency I, cernitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency II, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, glutaric aciduria I and isovaleric acidemia....
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Screening of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy by oral glucose tolerance test.
HAUSEROVÁ, Ivana
The theme of bachelors thesis is screening of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy by laboratory examination of oral glucose tolerance test. The introductory part is devoted to the history, the definition of diabetes, causes of disease, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and even the importance of this test for pregnant women. Currently, testing is performed on all pregnant women at 24th 28th week of pregnancy. The exception are women who are found in at least two risk factors in history: family history of diabetes, fetal birth weight greater than 4000 g, obesity, diabetes mellitus in previous pregnancies, the presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria), previous stillbirth, hypertension or preeclampsia in previous pregnancies, recurrent miscarriages. Those women are considered as high risk and oral glucose tolerance test is done as soon as possible in the first trimester. The practical part is focused on the implementation of oral glucose tolerance test and includes pre-analytical, analytical and postanalytical stage. Here I am trying to identify possible mistakes in the laboratory setting in all its phases. This section includes the results of measurements between 26 January 2011 and 24 April 2011 in a clinical laboratory Tabor There were 108 examined women. In this measurement I found out the number of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and compared it with the available literature. The measurement of blood glucose was carried out on biochemical ADVIA 1800 Chemistry Systems from Siemens. The principle of the method is Trinders reactions with glucose oxidase. Glucose is determined after enzymatic oxidation in the presence of glucose oxidase. The generated hydrogen peroxide reacts with peroxidase catalyzed the phenol and 4-aminophenazone, and thereby forming a reddish-purple as an indicator dye, whose concentration is determined photometrically. Wavelength measurements 505/694nm. The intensity of the resulting compound is directly proportional to glucose concentration. To answer the research question, what is the relationship between the number of risk factos and the number of captured women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the selected file, I used printed questionnaire, where I examined the representation of individual risk factors. These important faeks I had put to clearly chart. The questionnaire filled my clients during the time that they spent in the examination of oGTT in the waiting room KLT.
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Dementia in the Czech Republic: development, projection and risk factors
Cséfalvaiová, Kornélia ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Malá, Ivana (referee) ; Růžková, Jiřina (referee)
Doctoral thesis deals with dementia, which social, health and economic impacts are alarming worldwide. Expected dramatic increase in the number of people with cognitive impairment will put high demands on health and social care. Population aging and the increase of elderly persons aged 65+ evoked a need to address this issue, since age is the major risk factor for dementia. Conflicting conclusions of the European and international studies confirm the difficulty of quantifying the disease. Different definitions and measurement methods lead to different results. In the Czech Republic, in comparison with other developed European countries, there is no relevant research on the expected increase in the number of people with dementia or trends and determinants of severe cognitive impairment. Available estimates of the prevalence of dementia in the Czech Republic are based exclusively on the international prevalence studies EURODEM and Eurocode. Dissertation provides an estimate of the number of people with dementia in the Czech Republic to 2050 based on the construction of life tables for demented people. The thesis also includes analysis of risk factors of severe cognitive impairment based on socio-demographic and health variables. This knowledge is very important for the development and maintenance of effective policies and programs responsive to the needs of individuals living with cognitive impairment in the Czech Republic.
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Characteristics of artistic expression in patients suffering from psychiatric illness
BAROŠOVÁ, Petra
The bachelor thesis is about the development and characteristics in theart work of five people with psychotic illness in the period of three years. The cases were collected in the psychiatric ward at the hospital in Tábor. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part collects information about psychotic illnesses and a description of the therapeutic approach to the mentally ill. It also describes the visual artwork characteristics of psychotic individuals, the work with them and the efforts necessary from the art therapists' side. The practical part describes each patient. Observing the individual stories, approachesused in each case, their artwork, changes and progress in their development. There is a description of approaches used in the acute stage of the disease and after stabilization, the patients features in the artwork and the arttherapists influence.
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Analýza invazivní schopnosti a infekčního potenciálu nově popsaných druhů borelie z komplexu \kur{Borrelia burgdorferi} sensu lato, \kur{B. americana} a \kur{B. carolinensis} na laboratoním modelu infikovaných savců
ŠOLCOVÁ, Lucie
The aim of the study was to analyze the infectious potential of the newly described species, B. americana and B. carolinensis, studied on the laboratory model mammals mice. Our goal was to analyze and compare the vectorial capacity of two different tick vectors, Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes ricinus, in acquiring and transmition of both spirochete species to the host. The results of this study confirmed that ticks A. americanum and I. ricinus are capable to maintain and transmit B. americana and B.carolinensis.We confirmed that both analysed spirochete species, B. carolinensis and B. americana, showed the potential to develop the disease in laboratory model mammal, which indirectly support the fact that both spirochete species might be concidered as the risk factors in the area where they are distributed. Our results shows that A. americanum is able to transmit both spirochete species, which increases that risk of acquiring the Lyme disease to human population in the area of distribution of A. americanum
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