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The Use of Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Drug Residues
Dvořáková, Petra ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Sokol, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the occurrence of drug residues in the environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization methods for determination of selected drugs in the surface water, aquatic sediment and sewage sludge from waste water treatment plant. From the group of drugs were chosen antibiotics. Antibiotics presented in the environment can cause adverse effects including toxic effects, immunity disorders and indirect bioalteration effects. Sulfonamide antibiotics, which are used in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections as well as in the treatment of other infectious diseases, were chosen as a target compounds. Three optimized analytical methods for determination of sulfonamide antibiotics were developed. For the optimization of extraction were tested: solid phase extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction. For the final analysis was used liquid chromatography with two detectors - diode array detector and mass spectrometer. These optimized methods were applied for the analysis of real samples. The surface water and sediment samples were collected from two Moravian rivers (the Svratka river and the Svitava river). Samples of sewage sludge were collected from waste water treatment plant Brno-Modřice. Fish samples from the Svratka river were also collected. It was observed that all the selected sulfonamide antibiotics are present in real sediment samples (ug.kg-1). Simultaneously presence of some target analytes in real surface water (ug.l-1) and in sewage sludge (ug.kg-1) samples has been confirmed. In samples of surface water from the Svitava river and in fish samples sulfonamide antibiotics were not detected or their concentrations were below the limit of detection.
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Application of separation methods for the determination of selected pharmaceuticals in waters
Burešová, Jitka ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Antibiotics are widely used pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine. These compounds are biologically active. They decrease efficiency of biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. Antibiotics are not eliminated from sewage water completely and they are discharged as contaminants into the receiving waters. Several methods exist for the determination of antibiotics in sewage water. In the first place liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are used. The aim of this thesis was to developed a suitable izolation technique and an optimal analytical method for identification and determination of penicillins in wastewater. For determination was selected amoxicillin, ampicillin and benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). These are very often used penicillins. An optimized method was used for determination of these penicilins in real samples from a wastewater treatment plant situated in Veterinary and pharmaceutical university in Brno and from the large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice. Real samples were concentrated using SPE (solid phase extraction). For penicillins determination were used high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD).
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Insights into the mechanism of action of bactericidal lipophosphonoxins
Panova, Natalya ; Zborníková, Eva ; Šimák, Ondřej ; Krásný, Libor ; Kolář, M. ; Látal, T. ; Seydlová, G. ; Rejman, Dominik
The advantages offered by antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases are endangered due to the increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. This reduces the efficiency of antibiotic treatments and poses a serious health and economical problem. Currently, the need for novel antibiotics is becoming increasingly apparent. Recently, we discovered a series of compounds termed lipophosphonoxins exhibiting selective cytotoxicity towards gram-positive bacterial cells. The attempt to elucidate the mode of action of lipophosphonoxins is presented here.
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Selected milk quality parameters in cured cows
HRUBEŠOVÁ, Kristýna
The work deals with the monitoring of selected indicators of milk quality including residues of inhibitory substances (RIS) in the milk of cows treated with selected groups of antibiotics. It contains an analysis of selected factors that act on these indicators. The theoretical part deals with the inhibitory substances, their effects on the human body and the processing technology. The paper describes the application of antibiotics to treat mastitis and drying off cows including factors that affect the excretion of antibiotics in milk. The legislative regulations relating to this issue are also a part of the theoretical section. The practical part is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the characteristics observed in cows treated within selected businesses and farms. The second part is focused on the assessment of the quality parameters studied samples (fat, protein and somatic cell count) and the third part is devoted to factors that influence the presence of RIS in milk samples. In determining the quality indicators monitored in milk treated cows, it was confirmed that the protein content and static cell count (SCC) are in these cows due to disease increased and the mean value of the SCC did not correspond to a given limit legislation. When monitoring factors affecting presence RIS, it was found that the method of drug administration group and used antibiotics have influenced the presence RIS after the withdrawal period.
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Seasonal evolution of antibiotic concentrations in the wastewater of STP České Budějovice
JANOŠÍK, David
The aim of the diploma thesis was to monitor seasonal concentration changes of 7 antibiotics norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in wastewater influent and (cleaned) water effluent in the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) České Budějovice. Time-proportional 24 hours pooled samples of wastewater were collected every month from March 2011 to February 2012 in the influent and effluent pof the STP. The concentrations of target compounds were determined by using in line SPE/LC-MS/MS analysis. The highest average concentration in the influent was detected in case of norfloxacin (0.563 microgram/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.406 microgram/l). The highest average concentration in the effluent was detected in the case of trimethoprim (0.255 microgram/l) and erythromycin (0.117 microgram/l). Higher concentration of antibiotics was measured in the colder periods of the year. It was connected with increased use of antibiotics and with less cleaning efficiency of the STP in this season. The highest removal efficiency was determined for norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, the lowest for erythromycin. The influence of the season on the removal efficiency of antibiotics was found esp. for azithromycin,trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
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The teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech education system
JOSKOVÁ, Jitka
The major goal of the thesis "Teaching prevention of infectious diseases in Czech school system" is to determine whether and to what extent is the curriculum of elementary schools incorporated lessons prevention of infectious diseases. Part of the curriculum in primary schools should be framework of basic education, prevention of infectious diseases, because it is the only way that the children instill awareness of the basic types of microorganisms, various ways of transmission, the difference between viral and bacterial diseases as well as the different treatment of these diseases. Only in such a way, the teaching of the issue touches the vast majority of primary schools (6-15years). The thesis consists of two parts, the theoretical part and the practical part.
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Multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with hospital care in the hospital Jindrichuv Hradec, Inc.
KRČMÁROVÁ, Zuzana
A nosocomial infection is the notion historically associated with Infectious Medicine, microbiology, epidemiology and hygiene. Nosocomial infections or infections associated with medical care as they are called currently, are infections contracted by patients while under medical care. An etiological agent of these diseases are bacteria with high resistance that are able to survive in unfavorable conditions of an hospital environment and which are resistant against antibiotics and sanitation.The occurrence of infections and multi-resistant bacteria has been growing all over the world. These organisms are endemic in many hospitals in spite of all sanitation measures and antibiotic therapy. The rising occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria represents a serious threat to public health and prolongs the pacient´s hospitalization causing thus rising costs, higher morbidity and mortality.The main information source about the measure of resistance is the antibiotics resistance surveillance. Its goal is the description and the identification of current problems and influencing complex measures as well as improvement of general awareness about antibiotics resistance. The precondition for the successful infections therapy is the development of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents and frequency of occurrence of pathogenic bacteria.The most common cause of infections associated with medical care is staphylococcus, enterobacteria and pseudomonad, however, all known microorganism can cause infection.My bachelor´s thesis evaluates the occurrence of the most widespread multi-resistant bacteria in the Jindřichův Hradec Hospital a.s. in the last 11 years. In my thesis I compare data about chosen invasive bacteria from our hospital with other Czech and European data (EARS-Net) and I try to evaluate trends in occurrence of these bacteria.The trend of rising numbers of resistant bacteria and its fast spread in the hospital in Jindřichův Hradec in the last two years has probably been caused by unsatisfactory location of some wards, especially those in the old building of the Department of Internal Medicine (it´s being refurbished at the moment). The other cause could be, in spite of efforts undertaken by the Epidemiology and Hygiene Section which is the part of the Department of Microbiology, the negligence of anti-epidemic measures especially hands washing. An important role is sometimes played by the imprudent giving of antibiotic to patients.Our experience with the multi-resistant bacteria and the results of this thesis are identical with other studies from the Czech Republic and from abroad stressing the fact that the occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria in Europe and in the world has been rising.Resistance in the Jindřichův Hradec Hospital a.s., despite all efforts of staff and especially efforts of prevention and infection control team, is increasing and shows tendency similar to that of the Czech Republic generally and other countries of EU.
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Development of antibiotic resistance in the region Písek in 2000-2010
MAREŠOVÁ, Lucie
This bachleor´ s dissertation is aimed to the developement of antibiotical resistance by choosed kinds of bacteria, particulary Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the region of Písek and also in the whole Czech Republic during the period 2000-2010. There is described matter of the antibiotical resistance, antimicrobial agents and also information about the EARS-Net system in the beginning of this work. The practical part contains the evaluation of resistance spread in the region of Pisek according to the data of clinical microbiology of Nemocnice Pisek, the spread of resistance in the Czech Republic according to the EARS-Net and also the consumption of individual groups of antibiotics according to the State Institute for Drug Control. Antibiotical resistance is spreading constantly, for example because of inappropriate usage of the antibiotics or insufficient information about pathogens that cause infectious diseases the most frequently.
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Barrier recovery system at the occurrence of nosocomial infections in the department
JAREŠOVÁ, Marie
Infections acquired during a treatment in a hospital or healthcare service unit are called nosocomial infections. Their history goes back to the first institutions where patients were gathered. To prevent nosocomial infections, so called barrier nursing is used. It is a set of procedures aimed at preventive measures to avoid the appearance or transmission of the infection. The awareness of observing all rules connected belong to the essentials. The aim of the Bachelor work was to find out if general nurses who work in in-patient hospital wards are aware of nosocomial infections. They were interviewed about barrier nursing rules and their observing. The survey was carried out in the hospitals in Písek and Strakonice. There were 110 anonymous questionnaires distributed and 90 of them were given back. All data were compiled and the findings were depicted in a graphic form. Two hypotheses were set at the beginning: Hypothesis 1: Nurses are familiar with barrier nursing regime rules and their use while nosocomial infection appears at the wards. Hypothesis 2: Nurses respect the rules when nosocomial infection appears at the wards. Both hypotheses were confirmed. The analysis of the data acquired from the questionnaires resulted into the finding that the nurses were keeping abreast of nosocomial infection prevention. The nurses are likely to attend seminars as a part of preventive measures of nosocomial infections. All findings will be offered to the management of the hospitals where the survey was carried out.
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Possibilities of increasing of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) quality stock production for running waters
NEBESKÝ, Václav
European grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) is important and ancestral kind of fish in Czech Republic. Today number of grayling in open waters is decreasing. It caused many reasons. Mainly increasing fishing pressure, unfavourable regulation of streams, water pollutinon, raising occurrence of predators etc. That is why is necessarily devote care to this problem. Main goals of this work were optimalization of technologies to decrease post-spawning mortality of grayling spawners. Optimalization of technologies for breedig offspring of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.). Use artificially propagated stock of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) in conditions of open waters. Experiments were done in Blanice River in South Bohemia (Czech Republic) and a hatchery of the Czech Anglers´ Union in Husinec. Part works were done in 2005, but majority in 2006. Results of this work indicate that is possible decrease post-spawning mortality of grayling spawners with using antibiotics. Also using stockfish from controlled conditions for restocking the open waters is conditionally possible. Problem is however with high losses after release.
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